Dataset Information

Point-of-use water treatment improves recovery rates among children with severe acute malnutrition in Pakistan: results from a site-randomized trial.

ABSTRACT:

Objective

To evaluate effectiveness of point-of-use water treatment in improving treatment of children affected by severe acute malnutrition (SAM).

Design

Programme sites were randomized to one of four intervention arms: (i) standard SAM treatment; (ii) SAM treatment plus flocculent/disinfectant water treatment; (iii) SAM treatment plus chlorine disinfectant; or (iv) SAM treatment plus ceramic water filter. Outcome measures were calculated based on participant status upon exit or after 120d of enrolment, whichever came first. Child anthropometric data were collected during weekly monitoring at programme sites. Child caregivers were interviewed at enrolment and exit. Use of water treatment products was assessed in a home visit 4-6 weeks after enrolment.

Setting

Dadu District, Sindh Province, Pakistan.

Subjects

Children (n 901) aged 6-59 months with SAM and no medical complications.

Results

Recovery rates were 16·7-22·2 % higher among children receiving water treatment compared with the control group. The adjusted odds of recovery were approximately twice as high for those receiving water treatment compared with controls. Mean length of stay until recovery was 73 (sd 24·6) d and mean rate of weight gain was 4·7 (sd 3·0) g/kg per d. Differences in recovery rate, length of stay and rate of weight gain between intervention groups were not statistically significant.

Conclusions

Incorporating point-of-use water treatment into outpatient treatment programmes for children with SAM increased nutritional recovery rates. No significant differences in recovery rates were observed between the different intervention groups, indicating that different water treatment approaches were equally effective in improving recovery.

SUBMITTER: Doocy S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6190070 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

ACCESS DATA

Publications

Point-of-use water treatment improves recovery rates among children with severe acute malnutrition in Pakistan: results from a site-randomized trial.

Doocy Shannon S Tappis Hannah H Villeminot Nicolas N Suk Ann A Kumar Deepak D Fazal Shahid S Grant Angeline A Pietzsch Silke S

Public health nutrition 20180822 16

<h4>Objective</h4>To evaluate effectiveness of point-of-use water treatment in improving treatment of children affected by severe acute malnutrition (SAM).<h4>Design</h4>Programme sites were randomized to one of four intervention arms: (i) standard SAM treatment; (ii) SAM treatment plus flocculent/disinfectant water treatment; (iii) SAM treatment plus chlorine disinfectant; or (iv) SAM treatment plus ceramic water filter. Outcome measures were calculated based on participant status upon exit or ...[more]

PMID: 30132426

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Project description:BACKGROUND:Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is a major global public health concern. Despite the cost-effectiveness of treatment, ministries of health are often unable to commit the required funds which limits service coverage. OBJECTIVE:A randomised controlled trial was conducted in Sindh Province, Pakistan, to assess whether adding a point of use water treatment to the treatment of SAM without complications improved its cost-effectiveness. Three treatment strategies - chlorine disinfection (Aquatabs); flocculent disinfection (Procter and Gamble Purifier of Water [P&G PoW]) and Ceramic Filters - were compared to a standard SAM treatment protocol. METHODS:An institutional perspective was adopted for costing, considering the direct and indirect costs incurred by the provider. Combining the cost of SAM treatment and water treatment, an average cost per child was calculated for the combined interventions for each arm. The costs of water treatment alone and the incremental cost-effectiveness of each water treatment intervention were also assessed. RESULTS:The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for Aquatabs was 24 US dollars (USD), making it the most cost-effective strategy. The P&G PoW arm was the next least expensive strategy, costing an additional 149 USD per additional child recovered, though it was also the least effective of the three intervention strategies. The Ceramic Filters intervention was the most costly strategy and achieved a recovery rate lower than the Aquatabs arm and marginally higher than the P&G PoW arm. CONCLUSIONS:This study found that the addition of a chlorine or flocculent disinfection point-of-use drinking water treatment intervention to the treatment of SAM without complications reduced the cost per child recovered compared to standard SAM treatment. To inform the feasibility of future implementation, further research is required to understand the costs of government implementation and the associated costs to the community and beneficiary household of receiving such an intervention in comparison with the existing SAM treatment protocol.

Project description:BackgroundEvery year, over 4 million children are treated for severe acute malnutrition with varying program performance. This study sought to explore the predictors of time to recovery from and non-response to outpatient treatment of SAM.MethodsChildren with weight-for-height z-score (WHZ) <-3 and/or mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) <115 mm, without medical complications were enrolled in a trial (called MANGO) from outpatient clinics in Burkina Faso. Treatment included a weekly ration of ready-to-use therapeutic foods. Recovery was declared with WHZ ≥-2 and/or MUAC ≥125 mm, for two weeks without illness. Children not recovered by 16 weeks were considered as non-response to treatment. Predictors studied included admission characteristics, morbidity and compliance during treatment and household characteristics. Cox proportional hazard models were fitted and restricted mean time to recovery calculated. Logistic regression was used to analyse non-response to treatment.ResultsFifty-five percent of children recovered and mean time to recovery was eight weeks while 13% ended as non-response to treatment. Independent predictors of longer time to recovery or non-response included low age, being admitted with WHZ <-3, no illness nor anaemia at admission, illness episodes during treatment, skipped or missed visits, low maternal age and not practising open defecation. Eighty-four percent of children had at least one and 59% at least two illness episodes during treatment. This increased treatment duration by 1 to 4 weeks. Thirty-five percent of children missed at least one treatment visit. One missed visit predicted 3 weeks longer and two or more missed visits 5 weeks longer treatment duration.ConclusionsBoth longer time to recovery and higher non-response to treatment seem most strongly associated with illness episodes and missed visits during treatment. This indicates that prevention of illnesses would be key to shortening the treatment duration and that there is a need to seek ways to facilitate adherence.

Project description:Understanding how foundation species recover from disturbances is key for predicting the future of ecosystems in the Anthropocene. Coral reefs are dynamic ecosystems that can undergo rapid declines in coral abundance following disturbances. Understanding why some reefs recover quickly from these disturbances whereas others recover slowly (or not at all) gives insight into the drivers of community resilience. From 2006 to 2010 coral reefs on the fore reef of Moorea, French Polynesia, experienced severe disturbances that reduced coral cover from ~46% in 2005 to <1% in 2010. Following these disturbances, coral cover increased from 2010 to 2018. Although there was a rapid and widespread recovery of corals, reefs at 17 m depth recovered more slowly than reefs at 10 m depth. We investigated the drivers of different rates of coral recovery between depths from 2010 to 2018 using a combination of time-series data on coral recruitment, density, growth, and mortality in addition to field experiments testing for the effects of predation. Propagule abundance did not influence recovery, as the density of coral recruits (spat <6 months old) did not differ between depths. However, mortality of juvenile corals (≤5 cm diameter) was higher at 17 m, leading to densities of juvenile corals 3.5 times higher at 10 m than at 17 m depth. Yet, there were no differences in the growth of corals between depths. These results point to an early life stage bottleneck after settlement, resulting in greater mortality at 17 m than at 10 m as the likely driver of differential coral recovery between depths. We used experiments and time-series data to test mechanisms that could drive different rates of juvenile coral mortality across depths, including differences in predation, competition, and the availability of suitable substratum. The results of these experiments suggested that increased coral mortality at 17 m may have been influenced by higher intensity of fish predation, and higher mortality of corals attached to unfavorable substratum. In contrast, the abundance of macroalgae, a coral competitor, did not explain differences in coral survival. Our work suggests that top-down processes and substratum quality can create bottlenecks in corals that can drive rates of coral recovery after disturbance.

Dataset Information

Point-of-use water treatment improves recovery rates among children with severe acute malnutrition in Pakistan: results from a site-randomized trial.

Objective

Design

Setting

Subjects

Results

Conclusions

Publications

Point-of-use water treatment improves recovery rates among children with severe acute malnutrition in Pakistan: results from a site-randomized trial.

Similar Datasets

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