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Considering sex as a biological variable in preclinical research.

ABSTRACT: In June 2015, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) released a Guide notice (NOT-OD-15-102) that highlighted the expectation of the NIH that the possible role of sex as a biologic variable be factored into research design, analyses, and reporting of vertebrate animal and human studies. Anticipating these guidelines, the NIH Office of Research on Women's Health, in October 2014, convened key stakeholders to discuss methods and techniques for integrating sex as a biologic variable in preclinical research. The workshop focused on practical methods, experimental design, and approaches to statistical analyses in the use of both male and female animals, cells, and tissues in preclinical research. Workshop participants also considered gender as a modifier of biology. This article builds on the workshop and is meant as a guide to preclinical investigators as they consider methods and techniques for inclusion of both sexes in preclinical research and is not intended to prescribe exhaustive/specific approaches for compliance with the new NIH policy.-Miller, L. R., Marks, C., Becker, J. B., Hurn, P. D., Chen, W.-J., Woodruff, T., McCarthy, M. M., Sohrabji, F., Schiebinger, L., Wetherington, C. L., Makris, S., Arnold, A. P., Einstein, G., Miller, V. M., Sandberg, K., Maier, S., Cornelison, T. L., Clayton, J. A. Considering sex as a biological variable in preclinical research.

SUBMITTER: Miller LR

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6191005 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Considering sex as a biological variable in preclinical research.

Miller Leah R LR Marks Cheryl C Becker Jill B JB Hurn Patricia D PD Chen Wei-Jung WJ Woodruff Teresa T McCarthy Margaret M MM Sohrabji Farida F Schiebinger Londa L Wetherington Cora Lee CL Makris Susan S Arnold Arthur P AP Einstein Gillian G Miller Virginia M VM Sandberg Kathryn K Maier Susan S Cornelison Terri L TL Clayton Janine A JA

FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 20160928 1

In June 2015, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) released a Guide notice (NOT-OD-15-102) that highlighted the expectation of the NIH that the possible role of sex as a biologic variable be factored into research design, analyses, and reporting of vertebrate animal and human studies. Anticipating these guidelines, the NIH Office of Research on Women's Health, in October 2014, convened key stakeholders to discuss methods and techniques for integrating sex as a biologic variable in preclinical ...[more]

PMID: 27682203

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Project description:The study objective was to investigate whether sex influences 3'-deoxy-3'-18F-fluorothymidine (18F-FLT) uptake and tissue distribution in mouse models of cancer. Methods:18F-FLT biodistribution was measured in 3 strains of male and female mice (129S6/SvEv, athymic nude, and BALB/c). 18F-FDG biodistribution was measured for comparison. 18F-FLT uptake was also measured in female 129S6/SvEv mice bearing estrogen-dependent SSM3 mouse mammary tumors, male athymic nude mice bearing androgen-dependent CWR22 prostate cancer xenografts, and male and female athymic nude mice bearing estrogen-independent MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer xenografts. Ki-67 expression was assayed by immunohistochemistry. PET/CT imaging was performed to visualize 18F-FLT biodistribution and to determine pharmacokinetics. Results: Greater 18F-FLT activity was observed in blood, liver, muscle, heart, kidney, and bone in female than male mice. Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated higher early renal 18F-FLT activity and greater accumulation of 18F-FLT in the urinary bladder in male than female mice. The differential pattern of 18F-FLT biodistribution between the sexes seen with 18F-FLT was not observed with 18F-FDG. Increased tumoral 18F-FLT uptake compared with muscle was observed in both the SSM3 mammary tumors (2.4 ± 0.17 vs. 1.6 ± 0.14 percentage injected dose [%ID]/g at 2 h after injection, P = 0.006) and the CWR22 prostate cancer xenografts (0.34 ± 0.08 vs. 0.098 ± 0.033 %ID/g at 2 h after injection, P = 0.03). However, because of higher nonspecific muscle uptake in female mice, tumor-to-muscle uptake ratios were greater for CWR22 tumors than for SSM3 tumors (4.2 ± 0.78 vs. 1.5 ± 0.049 at 2 h after injection, P = 0.008). Sex-dependent differences in 18F-FLT uptake were also observed for MDA-MB-231 xenografts (tumor-to-muscle ratio, 7.2 ± 0.9 for female vs. 16.9 ± 8.6 for male, P = 0.039). Conversely, greater tumoral Ki-67 staining was observed in female mice (71% ± 3% for female vs. 54% ± 2% for male, P = 0.009), and this finding more closely matched the relative differences in absolute 18F-FLT tumor uptake values (4.5 ± 0.99 %ID/g for female vs. 1.9 ± 0.30 %ID/g for male, P = 0.03). Conclusion: Depending on whether female or male mice are used, differences in biodistribution and nonspecific tissue uptake can adversely affect quantitative measures of 18F-FLT uptake. Thus, sex is a potential variable to consider in defining quantitative imaging metrics using 18F-FLT to assess tumor proliferation.

Project description:Recovery from lung injury during the neonatal period requires the orchestration of many biological pathways. Modulation of biological pathways can drive the developing lung towards proper repair or persistent maldevelopment after injury that can lead to a disease phenotype. Sex as a biological variable can modulate these pathways differently in the male and female lung exposed to neonatal hyperoxia. In this study, we assessed the contribution of cellular diversity in the male and female neonatal lung following injury. Our objective was to investigate sex and cell-type specific transcriptional changes that drive repair or persistent injury in the neonatal lung at single-cell resolution and delineate the alterations in the immune-endothelial cell communication networks in the developing lung using single cell RNA sequencing (sc-RNAseq) in a murine model of hyperoxic lung injury. We generated transcriptional profiles of >55,000 cells isolated from the lungs of postnatal day 1 (PND 1) andpostnatal day 21 (PND 21) neonatal male and female C57BL/6 mice exposed to 95% FiO2between PND 1-5 (saccular stage of lung development).We show the presence of sex-based differences in the transcriptional states of lung endothelial and immune cells at PND 1 and PND 21. Furthermore, we demonstrate that biological sex significantly influences the response to injury, with a greater number of differentially expressed genes showing sex-specific patterns than those shared between male and female lungs. Pseudotime trajectory analysis highlighted genes needed for lung development that were altered by hyperoxia. Finally, we show intercellular communication between endothelial and immune cells at saccular and alveolar stages of lung development with sex-based biases in the cross-talk and identify novel ligand-receptor pairs. Our findings provide valuable insights into the cell diversity, transcriptional state, developmental trajectory, and cell-cell communication underlying neonatal lung injury, with implications for understanding lung development and therapeutic interventions while highlighting the crucial role of sex as a biological variable.

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Considering sex as a biological variable in preclinical research.

Publications

Considering sex as a biological variable in preclinical research.

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