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Association of Blood Pressure Measurements With Peripheral Artery Disease Events.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Current guidelines recommend treating hypertension in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) to reduce the risk of cardiac events and stroke, but the effect of reducing blood pressure on lower extremity PAD events is largely unknown. We investigated the association of blood pressure with lower extremity PAD events using data from the ALLHAT trial (Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial). METHODS:ALLHAT investigated the effect of different antihypertensive medication classes (chlorthalidone, amlodipine, lisinopril, or doxazosin) on cardiovascular events. With the use of these data, the primary outcome in our analysis was time to first lower extremity PAD event, defined as PAD-related hospitalization, procedures, medical treatment, or PAD-related death. Given the availability of longitudinal standardized blood pressure measurements, we analyzed systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and pulse pressure as time-varying categorical variables (reference categories 120-129 mm?Hg for SBP, 70-79 mm?Hg for DBP, and 45-54 mm?Hg for pulse pressure) in separate models. We used extended Cox regression with death as a competing risk to calculate the association of each blood pressure component with PAD events, and report the results as subdistribution hazard ratios and 95% CIs. RESULTS:The present analysis included 33?357 patients with an average age of 67.4 years, 53.1% men, 59.7% white race, and 36.2% with diabetes mellitus. The median baseline blood pressure was 146/84 mm?Hg. Participants were followed for a median of 4.3 (interquartile range, 3.6-5.3) years, during which time 1489 (4.5%) had a lower extremity PAD event, and 4148 (12.4%) died. In models adjusted for demographic and clinical characteristics, SBP <120 mm?Hg was associated with a 26% (CI, 5%-52%; P=0.015) higher hazard and SBP?160 mm?Hg was associated with a 21% (CI, 0%-48%; P=0.050) higher hazard for a PAD event, in comparison with SBP 120 to 129 mm?Hg. In contrast, lower, but not higher, DBP was associated with a higher hazard of PAD events: for DBP <60 mm?Hg (hazard ratio, 1.72; CI, 1.38-2.16). Pulse pressure had a U-shaped association with PAD events. CONCLUSIONS:In this reanalysis of data from ALLHAT, we found a higher rate of lower extremity PAD events with higher and lower SBP and pulse pressure and with lower DBP. Given the recent revised blood pressure guidelines advocating lower SBP targets for overall cardiovascular risk reduction, further refinement of optimal blood pressure targets specific to PAD is needed. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT00000542.

SUBMITTER: Itoga NK

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6202170 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Association of Blood Pressure Measurements With Peripheral Artery Disease Events.

Itoga Nathan K NK Tawfik Daniel S DS Lee Charles K CK Maruyama Satoshi S Leeper Nicholas J NJ Chang Tara I TI

Circulation 20181001 17

<h4>Background</h4>Current guidelines recommend treating hypertension in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) to reduce the risk of cardiac events and stroke, but the effect of reducing blood pressure on lower extremity PAD events is largely unknown. We investigated the association of blood pressure with lower extremity PAD events using data from the ALLHAT trial (Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial).<h4>Methods</h4>ALLHAT investigated the effect ...[more]

PMID: 29930023

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Project description:Background Arterial hypertension affects cardiovascular outcome in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). We hypothesized that angioplasty of peripheral arterial stenoses decreases aortic (aBP) and brachial blood pressure (bBP). Methods and Results In an index cohort (n=30), we simultaneously measured aBP, bBP, augmentation index (AIx), and aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) before and after angioplasty of the iliac and femoropopliteal arteries; diagnostic angiography served as a control. In an all-comer registry cohort (n=381), we prospectively measured bBP in patients scheduled for angioplasty of the iliac, femoral, and crural arteries or diagnostic angiography. Systolic aBP decreased after iliac (Δ-25 mmHg; 95% CI, -30 to -20; P<0.0001) and femoropopliteal angioplasty (Δ-12 mmHg; 95% CI, -17 to -5; P<0.0001) as compared with diagnostic angiography. Diastolic aBP decreased after iliac (Δ-9 mmHg; 95% CI, -13 to -1; P=0.01) but not femoropopliteal angioplasty. In parallel, AIx significantly dropped, whereas PWV remained stable. In the registry cohort, systolic bBP decreased after angioplasty of the iliac (Δ-17 mmHg; 95% CI, -31 to -8; P=0.0005) and femoropopliteal arteries (Δ-10 mmHg; 95% CI, -23 to -1; P=0.04) but not the crural arteries, as compared with diagnostic angiography. Diastolic bBP decreased after iliac (Δ-10 mmHg; 95% CI, -17 to -2; P=0.01) and femoropopliteal angioplasty (Δ-9 mmHg; 95% CI, -15 to -1; P=0.04). Multivariate analysis identified baseline systolic bBP and site of lesion as determinants of systolic bBP drop after endovascular treatment. Conclusions Angioplasty of flow-limiting stenoses in patients with peripheral artery disease lowers aortic and brachial blood pressure with more pronounced effects at more proximal lesion sites and elevated baseline systolic blood pressure. These data indicate a role of endovascular treatment to acutely optimize blood pressure in patients with peripheral artery disease. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02728479.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Prescription opioids account for 40% of all U.S. opioid overdose deaths, and national efforts have intensified to reduce opioid prescriptions. Little is known about the relationship between peripheral artery disease (PAD) and high-risk opioid use. The objectives of this study were to evaluate this relationship and to assess the impact of PAD treatment on opiate use. METHODS:In this retrospective cohort study, the Truven Health MarketScan database (Truven Health Analytics, Ann Arbor, Mich), a deidentified national private insurance claims database, was queried to identify patients with PAD (two or more International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnosis codes of PAD ?2 months apart, with at least 2 years of continuous enrollment) from 2007 to 2015. Critical limb ischemia (CLI) was defined as the presence of rest pain, ulcers, or gangrene. The primary outcome was high opioid use, defined as two or more opioid prescriptions within a 1-year period. Multivariable analysis was used to determine risk factors for high opioid use. RESULTS:A total of 178,880 patients met the inclusion criteria, 35% of whom had CLI. Mean ± standard deviation follow-up time was 5.3 ± 2.1 years. An average of 24.7% of patients met the high opioid use criteria in any given calendar year, with a small but significant decline in high opioid use after 2010 (P < .01). During years of high opioid use, 5.9 ± 5.5 yearly prescriptions were filled. A new diagnosis of PAD increased high opioid use (21.7% before diagnosis vs 27.3% after diagnosis; P < .001). A diagnosis of CLI was also associated with increased high opioid use (25.4% before diagnosis vs 34.5% after diagnosis; P < .001). Multivariable analysis identified back pain (odds ratio [OR], 1.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.84-1.93; P < .001) and illicit drug use (OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.72-2.03; P < .001) as the highest predictors of high opioid use. A diagnosis of CLI was also associated with higher risk (OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.57-1.64; P < .001). A total of 43,443 PAD patients (24.3%) underwent 80,816 PAD-related procedures. After exclusion of periprocedural opioid prescriptions (4.9% of all opioid prescriptions), the yearly percentage of high opioid users increased from 25.8% before treatment to 29.6% after treatment (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS:Patients with PAD are at increased risk for high opioid use, with nearly one-quarter meeting described criteria. CLI and treatment for PAD additionally increase high opioid use. In addition to heightened awareness and active opioid management, our findings warrant further investigation into underlying causes and deterrents of high-risk opioid use.

Project description:ImportanceLittle is known regarding health outcomes associated with higher blood pressure (BP) levels measured outside the clinic among African American individuals.ObjectiveTo examine whether daytime and nighttime BP levels measured outside the clinic among African American individuals are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality independent of BP levels measured inside the clinic.Design, setting, and participantsThis prospective cohort study analyzed data from 1034 African American participants in the Jackson Heart Study who completed ambulatory BP monitoring at baseline (September 26, 2000, to March 31, 2004). Mean daytime and nighttime BPs were calculated based on measurements taken while participants were awake and asleep, respectively. Data were analyzed from July 1, 2017, to April 30, 2019.Main outcomes and measuresCardiovascular disease events, including coronary heart disease and stroke, experienced through December 31, 2014, and all-cause mortality experienced through December 31, 2016, were adjudicated. The associations of daytime BP and nighttime BP, separately, with CVD events and all-cause mortality were determined using Cox proportional hazards regression models.ResultsA total of 1034 participants (mean [SD] age, 58.9 [10.9] years; 337 [32.6%] male; and 583 [56.4%] taking antihypertensive medication) were included in the study. The mean daytime systolic BP (SBP)/diastolic BP (DBP) was 129.4/77.6 mm Hg, and the mean nighttime SBP/DBP was 121.3/68.4 mm Hg. During follow-up (median [interquartile range], 12.5 [11.1-13.6] years for CVD and 14.8 [13.7-15.6] years for all-cause mortality), 113 CVD events and 194 deaths occurred. After multivariable adjustment, including in-clinic SBP and DBP, the hazard ratios (HRs) for CVD events for each SD higher level were 1.53 (95% CI, 1.24-1.88) for daytime SBP (per 13.5 mm Hg), 1.48 (95% CI, 1.22-1.80) for nighttime SBP (per 15.5 mm Hg), 1.25 (95% CI, 1.02-1.51) for daytime DBP (per 9.3 mm Hg), and 1.30 (95% CI, 1.06-1.59) for nighttime DBP (per 9.5 mm Hg). Nighttime SBP was associated with all-cause mortality (HR per 1-SD higher level, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.06-1.45), but no association was present for daytime SBP (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.97-1.33) and daytime (HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.81-1.10) and nighttime (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.90-1.24) DBP.Conclusions and relevanceAmong African American individuals, higher daytime and nighttime SBPs were associated with an increased risk for CVD events and all-cause mortality independent of BP levels measured in the clinic. Measurement of daytime and nighttime BP using ambulatory monitoring during a 24-hour period may help identify African American individuals who have an increased cardiovascular disease risk.

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Association of Blood Pressure Measurements With Peripheral Artery Disease Events.

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Association of Blood Pressure Measurements With Peripheral Artery Disease Events.

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