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High-energy-density dual-ion battery for stationary storage of electricity using concentrated potassium fluorosulfonylimide.

ABSTRACT: Graphite dual-ion batteries represent a potential battery concept for large-scale stationary storage of electricity, especially when constructed free of lithium and other chemical elements with limited natural reserves. Owing to their non-rocking-chair operation mechanism, however, the practical deployment of graphite dual-ion batteries is inherently limited by the need for large quantities of electrolyte solutions as reservoirs of all ions that are needed for complete charge and discharge of the electrodes. Thus far, lithium-free graphite dual-ion batteries have employed moderately concentrated electrolyte solutions (0.3-1?M), resulting in rather low cell-level energy densities of 20-70?Wh?kg^-1. In this work, we present a lithium-free graphite dual-ion battery utilizing a highly concentrated electrolyte solution of 5?M potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide in alkyl carbonates. The resultant battery offers an energy density of 207?Wh?kg^-1, along with a high energy efficiency of 89% and an average discharge voltage of 4.7?V.

SUBMITTER: Kravchyk KV

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6203722 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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High-energy-density dual-ion battery for stationary storage of electricity using concentrated potassium fluorosulfonylimide.

Kravchyk Kostiantyn V KV Bhauriyal Preeti P Piveteau Laura L Guntlin Christoph P CP Pathak Biswarup B Kovalenko Maksym V MV

Nature communications 20181026 1

Graphite dual-ion batteries represent a potential battery concept for large-scale stationary storage of electricity, especially when constructed free of lithium and other chemical elements with limited natural reserves. Owing to their non-rocking-chair operation mechanism, however, the practical deployment of graphite dual-ion batteries is inherently limited by the need for large quantities of electrolyte solutions as reservoirs of all ions that are needed for complete charge and discharge of th ...[more]

PMID: 30367050

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Project description:Background: A cost-effective solution for the design of distributed energy storage systems implies the development of battery performance models yielding a suitable representation of its dynamic behaviour under realistic operation conditions. Methods: In this work, a lithium-ion battery (LIB) is tested to be further modelled and integrated into an existing energy management control system. This specific LIB (5.0 kW /9.8 kWh) is integrated with a commercial inverter and solar photovoltaic (PV) system (3.3 kWp) as part of a microgrid that is also encompassing other energy storage technologies at the University of Évora, Pole of INIESC - National Research Infrastructure for Solar Energy Concentration. A testing protocol fully characterizes the battery and the inverter efficiency to describe their performance better. Then, a battery model is built upon both the existent LIB description and experimental fitting regression. The model allows obtaining the voltage curve, the internal resistance (i.e., to describe instantaneous voltage drop/rise and transients), and the state of charge (SOC) and/or energy capacity based on the current input. The developed model is validated through the comparison with the experimental results. Results: The model approach presented a higher voltage RMSE (root mean square error) of 5.51 V and an MRE (maximum relative error) of 5.68 % in the discharge state. Regarding SOC, the MRE obtained was approximately 6.82 %. In the charge state, the highest RMSE voltage was 5.27 V, with an MRE of 6.74 %. Concerning SOC, the MRE obtained was approximately 6.53 %. Conclusions: The developed model is validated through the comparison with experimental results. Based on computational effort, simplicity of use and the associated model error, the approach is validated to the regular conditions of the commercial battery pack to be incorporated in the next research step, following a bottom-up modelling approach for an increasingly more complex smart grid.

Project description:Three installation-level lithium-ion battery (LIB) energy storage system (ESS) tests were conducted to the specifications of the UL 9540A standard test method [1]. Each test included a mocked-up initiating ESS unit rack and two target ESS unit racks installed within a standard size 6.06 m (20 ft) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) container. All tests were conducted with an identical LIB configuration. The initiating unit rack included nine modules (2,430 individual 18650 form factor cells) with a total capacity of 28.9 kWh. The target unit racks were loaded to one-third capacity of the initiating unit with nine partial modules and a total capacity of 9.6 kWh. All cells in the container were charged to 100% state-of-charge and none were electrically connected. Within the initiating mock-up unit, a flexible film heater was wrapped around an individual 18650 form factor cell. This instrumented 18650 cell was heated at a rate of 6°C/min to initiate thermal runaway. Test 1 was a baseline performance test and did not utilize any active fire suppression systems. Test 2 included a Novec 1230 system designed for an 8.3 vol% concentration discharged upon activation of two smoke detectors installed inside the container. Test 3 incorporated a dry pipe water suppression system to provide a uniform 20.8 mm/min (0.5 gpm/ft2) spray density delivered at the top of the ESS unit enclosures. Thermocouples were used to measure the cell temperatures in the initiating unit rack and module surface temperatures for the initiating unit and target unit racks. Thermocouples were located throughout the ISO container to measure gas temperatures and wall temperatures. Schmidt-Boelter heat flux gauges were installed to measure incident heat flux to each of the target unit racks as well as the walls adjacent to the initiating rack. Smoke detectors and smoke obscuration meters were used to identify the presence of smoke and characterize opacity of the smoke in the container. Various laboratory- and industrial-grade sensors were used to characterize the gas composition throughout container.

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High-energy-density dual-ion battery for stationary storage of electricity using concentrated potassium fluorosulfonylimide.

Publications

High-energy-density dual-ion battery for stationary storage of electricity using concentrated potassium fluorosulfonylimide.

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