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The Global Hepatitis B Virus Genotype Distribution Approximated from Available Genotyping Data.

ABSTRACT: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is divided into nine genotypes, A to I. Currently, it remains unclear how the individual genotypes contribute to the estimated 250 million chronic HBV infections. We performed a literature search on HBV genotyping data throughout the world. Over 900 publications were assessed and data were extracted from 213 records covering 125 countries. Using previously published HBV prevalence, and population data, we approximated the number of infections with each HBV genotype per country and the genotype distribution among global chronic HBV infections. We estimated that 96% of chronic HBV infections worldwide are caused by five of the nine genotypes: genotype C is most common (26%), followed by genotype D (22%), E (18%), A (17%) and B (14%). Genotypes F to I together cause less than 2% of global chronic HBV infections. Our work provides an up-to-date analysis of global HBV genotyping data and an initial approach to estimate how genotypes contribute to the global burden of chronic HBV infection. Results highlight the need to provide HBV cell culture and animal models that cover at least genotypes A to E and represent the vast majority of global HBV infections to test novel treatment strategies.

SUBMITTER: Velkov S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6210291 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The Global Hepatitis B Virus Genotype Distribution Approximated from Available Genotyping Data.

Velkov Stoyan S Ott Jördis J JJ Protzer Ulrike U Michler Thomas T

Genes 20181015 10

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is divided into nine genotypes, A to I. Currently, it remains unclear how the individual genotypes contribute to the estimated 250 million chronic HBV infections. We performed a literature search on HBV genotyping data throughout the world. Over 900 publications were assessed and data were extracted from 213 records covering 125 countries. Using previously published HBV prevalence, and population data, we approximated the number of infections with each HBV genotype per co ...[more]

PMID: 30326600

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Project description:The hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes both acute and chronic infection of the liver that can lead to liver cirrhosis, cancer, and liver failure. HCV is characterized by high genetic diversity and substantial variations in the prevalence of specific HCV genotypes throughout the world. Many effective regimens of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), including pan-genotypic, can successfully treat HCV infection. Additionally, genotype-specific treatments for HCV are being actively employed in national plans for eliminating HCV infection around the world. The evaluation of HCV genotype prevalence in a given country is necessary for the successful implementation of the HCV elimination plans and for allocating financial resources to the DAAs which are the most effective against those specific HCV genotypes prevalent in a given country. Here, we analyzed HCV genotypes, subgenotypes, and recombinants in 10,107 serum samples collected in 2015-2017 from patients with chronic HCV infection living in all federal districts of Russia. This is the first and largest evaluation of HCV genotypes performed on samples from all territories of Russia, from its Central federal district to the Far East. Moreover, we have updated retrospective epidemiological analysis of chronic and acute HCV infection in Russia from 2001 to 2021. We demonstrate that the incidence of acute HCV (AHC) infection in Russia decreased from 16.7 cases per 100,000 people in 2001 to 0.6/100,000 in 2021. The number of cases of chronic HCV (CHC) infection also decreased from 29.5 to 16.4 per 100,000 people during this period. The HCV genotype analysis indicated that HCV genotype 1 dominates in Russia (53.6%), while genotypes 3 and 2 were detected in 35.4% and 7.8% of patients, respectively. These proportions are virtually identical in all regions of Russia except for the Far East, where HCV genotype 2 was detected in only 1% of the samples. HCV genotypes 1 and 2 are more widespread in women, and HCV genotype 3 in men. Genotype 3 was the most prevalent in 31-40-year-olds (44.9%), and genotype 1 was most prevalent in those over 70 years of age (72.2%). HCV genotype 2 was predominant among HCV-infected persons older than 40 years. Discriminating between HCV genotype 2 and recombinant RF1_2k/1b, which are frequently misclassified, is important for successful antiviral treatment. For the first time, we demonstrate, here, countrywide prevalence of HCV RF1_2k/1b in different regions of Russia. HCV RF1_2k/1b makes up 3.2% of HCV genotypes, reaching 30% among samples classified as genotype 2 by some commercial genotyping tests. The highest proportion of HCV RF1_2k/1b was detected in the North-West (60%), Southern (41.6%), and Central (31.6%) federal districts; its frequency in the Far Eastern and North Caucasus districts was ~14.3%. HCV RF1_2k/1b, and it was not detected in the Volga, Ural, or Siberian districts. To conclude, this is the first and most complete evaluation of HCV epidemiology and genotype/subgenotype distribution in Russia.

Project description:BackgroundHepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the leading causes of chronic liver disease. Seven genotypes and more than 80 subtypes have been identified for HCV so far. To date, 10 subtypes (3a to 3i; and 3k) of HCV genotype 3 have been identified. In 2006, two HCV isolates were reported from Iran that belonged to a new subtype of genotype 3. However, considering the consensus proposal for HCV genotype nomenclature, the available sequences of the new subtype did not correspond to the regions that are required to be analyzed prior to subtype assignment. During a study on the molecular epidemiology of HCV in Iran, an HCV isolate (FSM165) which seemed to belong to a new subtype of genotype 3 was obtained from a patient residing in Tehran, Iran.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess the relatedness of isolate FM165 together with several sequences retrieved from the database to the new HCV-3 subtype reported from Iran in 2006.Materials and methodsVarious parts of the genome including the core/E1 region and two segments of the NS5B region were amplified and sequenced for isolate FSM165. Furthermore, using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), the HCV database was searched for sequences that had a high level of similarity with sequences of FSM165 isolate and such sequences were retrieved from the database. To investigate the relatedness of isolate FSM165 and also the retrieved sequences to a new HCV-3 subtype reported previously, phylogenetic analyses were performed using the Kimura two-parameter model and the neighbor joining method.ResultsPhylogenetic analysis of the partial NS5B region demonstrated the relatedness of isolate FSM165 to the new subtype reported from Iran in 2006. Moreover, some core/E1 and NS5B sequences that had a high level of similarity with FSM165 isolate were found through searching the HCV database. These sequences were previously either misclassified or could not be accurately classified. Phylogenetic analyses showed that all of the described sequences belonged to the new subtype of HCV genotype 3.ConclusionsData suggests that the new subtype has a vast geographical distribution in Iran. The core/E1 and the NS5B sequences described in this paper can be used as references for the new HCV-3 subtype in future studies.

Dataset Information

The Global Hepatitis B Virus Genotype Distribution Approximated from Available Genotyping Data.

Publications

The Global Hepatitis B Virus Genotype Distribution Approximated from Available Genotyping Data.

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