Dataset Information

Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 and its truncated forms, GI-20 and GF-17, exert spermicidal effects and microbicidal activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

ABSTRACT:

Study question

Do the truncated LL-37 peptides, GI-20 and GF-17, have spermicidal activity and microbicidal effects on the sexually transmitted infection (STI) pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae with equivalent potency to LL-37?

Summary answer

GI-20 and GF-17 exhibited spermicidal effects on both mouse and human sperm as well as microbicidal action on N. gonorrhoeae with the same efficacy as LL-37.

What is known already

The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 exerts microbicidal activity against various STI pathogens as well as spermicidal effects on both mouse and human sperm.

Study design, size, duration

Spermicidal activities of GI-20 and GF-17 were evaluated in vitro in mouse and human sperm and in vivo in mice. Finally, in vitro antimicrobial effects of LL-37, GI-20 and GF-17 on an STI pathogen, N. gonorrhoeae were determined. All experiments were repeated three times or more. In particular, sperm samples from different males were used on each experimental day.

Participants/materials, setting, methods

The plasma membrane integrity of peptide-treated sperm was assessed by cellular exclusion of Sytox Green, a membrane impermeable fluorescent DNA dye. Successful mouse in vitro fertilization was revealed by the presence of two pronuclei in oocytes following co-incubation with capacitated untreated/peptide-pretreated sperm. Sperm plus each peptide were transcervically injected into female mice and the success of in vivo fertilization was scored by the formation of 2-4 cell embryos 42 h afterward. Reproductive tract tissues of peptide pre-exposed females were then assessed histologically for any damage. Minimal inhibitory/bactericidal concentrations of LL-37, GI-20 and GF-17 on N. gonorrhoeae were determined by a standard method.

Main results and the role of chance

Like LL-37, treatment of sperm with GI-20 and GF-17 resulted in dose-dependent increases in sperm plasma membrane permeabilization, reaching the maximum at 18 and 3.6 ?M for human and mouse sperm, respectively (P < 0.0001, as compared with untreated sperm). Mouse sperm treated with 3.6 ?M GI-20 or GF-17 did not fertilize oocytes either in vitro or in vivo. Moreover, reproductive tract tissues of female mice pre-exposed to 3.6 ?M GI-20 or GF-17 remained intact with no lesions, erosions or ulcerations. At 1.8-7.2 ?M, LL-37, GI-20 and GF-17 exerted bactericidal effects on N. gonorrhoeae.

Large scale data

N/A.

Limitations, reasons for caution

Direct demonstration of the inhibitory effects of GI-20 and GF-17 on human in vitro and in vivo fertilization cannot be performed due to ethical issues.

Wider implications of the findings

Like LL-37, GI-20 and GF-17 acted as spermicides and microbicides against N. gonorrhoeae, without adverse effects on female reproductive tissues. With lower synthesis costs, GI-20 and GF-17 are attractive peptides for further development into vaginal spermicides/microbicides.

Study funding/competing interest(s)

This work was supported by Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP119438 and CCI82413 to N.T.) and NIH (R01 AI105147 to G.W.). There are no competing interests to declare.

SUBMITTER: Kiattiburut W

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6238367 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Publications

Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 and its truncated forms, GI-20 and GF-17, exert spermicidal effects and microbicidal activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Kiattiburut Wongsakorn W Zhi Ruina R Lee Seung Gee SG Foo Alexander C AC Hickling Duane R DR Keillor Jeffrey W JW Goto Natalie K NK Li Weihua W Conlan Wayne W Angel Jonathan B JB Wang Guangshun G Tanphaichitr Nongnuj N

Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 20181201 12

<h4>Study question</h4>Do the truncated LL-37 peptides, GI-20 and GF-17, have spermicidal activity and microbicidal effects on the sexually transmitted infection (STI) pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae with equivalent potency to LL-37?<h4>Summary answer</h4>GI-20 and GF-17 exhibited spermicidal effects on both mouse and human sperm as well as microbicidal action on N. gonorrhoeae with the same efficacy as LL-37.<h4>What is known already</h4>The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 exerts microbicidal activi ...[more]

PMID: 30357408

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Project description:The Neisseria gonorrhoeae Type IV pilus is a multifunctional, dynamic fiber involved in host cell attachment, DNA transformation, and twitching motility. We previously reported that the N. gonorrhoeae pilus is also required for resistance against hydrogen peroxide-, antimicrobial peptide LL-37-, and non-oxidative, neutrophil-mediated killing. We tested whether the hydrogen peroxide, LL-37, and neutrophil hypersensitivity phenotypes in non-piliated N. gonorrhoeae could be due to elevated iron levels. Iron chelation in the growth medium rescued a nonpiliated pilE mutant from both hydrogen peroxide- and antimicrobial peptide LL-37-mediated killing, suggesting these phenotypes are related to iron availability. We used the antibiotic streptonigrin, which depends on free cytoplasmic iron and oxidation to kill bacteria, to determine whether piliation affected intracellular iron levels. Several non-piliated, loss-of-function mutants were more sensitive to streptonigrin killing than the piliated parental strain. Consistent with the idea that higher available iron levels in the under- and non-piliated strains were responsible for the higher streptonigrin sensitivity, iron limitation by desferal chelation restored resistance to streptonigrin in these strains and the addition of iron restored the sensitivity to streptonigrin killing. The antioxidants tiron and dimethylthiourea rescued the pilE mutant from streptonigrin-mediated killing, suggesting that the elevated labile iron pool in non-piliated bacteria leads to streptonigrin-dependent reactive oxygen species production. These antioxidants did not affect LL-37-mediated killing. We confirmed that the pilE mutant is not more sensitive to other antibiotics showing that the streptonigrin phenotypes are not due to general bacterial envelope disruption. The total iron content of the cell was unaltered by piliation when measured using ICP-MS suggesting that only the labile iron pool is affected by piliation. These results support the hypothesis that piliation state affects N. gonorrhoeae iron homeostasis and influences sensitivity to various host-derived antimicrobial agents.

Project description:Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) and N. gonorrhoeae (Ng) express a Macrophage Infectivity Potentiator (MIP, NMB1567/NEIS1487) protein in their outer membrane (OM). In this study, we prepared independent batches of liposomes (n?=?3) and liposomes?+?MonoPhosphoryl Lipid A (MPLA) (n?=?3) containing recombinant truncated Nm-MIP protein encoded by Allele 2 (rT-Nm-MIP, amino acids 22-142), and used these to immunize mice. We tested the hypothesis that independent vaccine batches showed similar antigenicity, and that antisera could recognise both meningococcal and gonococcal MIP and induce cross-species bactericidal activity. The different batches of M2 rT-Nm-MIP-liposomes?±?MPLA showed no significant (P?>?0.05) batch-to-batch variation in antigenicity. Anti-rT-Nm-MIP sera reacted equally and specifically with Nm-MIP and Ng-MIP in OM and on live bacterial cell surfaces. Specificity was shown by no antiserum reactivity with ?mip bacteria. Using human complement/serum bactericidal assays, anti-M2 rT-Nm-MIP sera killed homologous meningococcal serogroup B (MenB) strains (median titres of 32-64 for anti-rT-Nm-MIP-liposome sera; 128-256 for anti-rT-Nm-MIP-liposome?+?MPLA sera) and heterologous M1 protein-expressing MenB strains (titres of 64 for anti rT-Nm-MIP-liposome sera; 128-256 for anti-rT-Nm-MIP-liposome?+?MPLA sera). Low-level killing (P?<?0.05) was observed for a MenB isolate expressing M7 protein (titres 4-8), but MenB strains expressing M6 protein were not killed (titre?<?4-8). Killing (P?<?0.05) was observed against MenC and MenW bacteria expressing homologous M2 protein (titres of 8-16) but not against MenA or MenY bacteria (titres?<?4-8). Antisera to M2 rT-Nm-MIP showed significant (P?<?0.05) cross-bactericidal activity against gonococcal strain P9-17 (expressing M35 Ng-MIP, titres of 64-512) and strain 12CFX_T_003 (expressing M10 Ng-MIP, titres 8-16) but not against FA1090 (expressing M8 Ng-MIP). As an alternative to producing recombinant protein, we engineered successfully the Nm-OM to express M2 Truncated-Nm-MIP, but lipooligosaccharide-extraction with Na-DOC was contra-indicated. Our data suggest that a multi-component vaccine containing a select number of Nm- and Ng-MIP type proteins would be required to provide broad coverage of both pathogens.

Dataset Information

Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 and its truncated forms, GI-20 and GF-17, exert spermicidal effects and microbicidal activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Study question

Summary answer

What is known already

Study design, size, duration

Participants/materials, setting, methods

Main results and the role of chance

Large scale data

Limitations, reasons for caution

Wider implications of the findings

Study funding/competing interest(s)

Publications

Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 and its truncated forms, GI-20 and GF-17, exert spermicidal effects and microbicidal activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Similar Datasets

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