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Force system generated by elastic archwires with vertical V bends: a three-dimensional analysis.

ABSTRACT: Our previous understanding of V-bend mechanics is primarily from two-dimensional (2D) analysis of archwire bracket interactions in the second order. These analyses do not take into consideration the three-dimensional (3D) nature of orthodontic appliances involving the third order.To quantify the force system generated in a 3D two bracket set up involving the molar and incisors with vertical V-bends.Maxillary molar and incisor brackets were arranged in a dental arch form and attached to load cells capable of measuring forces and moments in all three planes (x, y, and z) of space. Symmetrical V-bends (right and left sides) were placed at 11 different locations along rectangular beta-titanium archwires of various sizes at an angle of 150degrees. Each wire was evaluated for the 11 bend positions. Specifically, the vertical forces (Fz) and anterio-posterior moments (Mx) were analysed. Descriptive statistics were used to interpret the results.With increasing archwire size, Fz and Mx increased at the two brackets (P < 0.05). The vertical forces were linear and symmetric in nature, increasing in magnitude as the bends moved closer to either bracket. The Mx curves were asymmetric and non-linear displaying higher magnitudes for molar bracket. As the bends were moved closer to either bracket a distinct flattening of the incisor Mx curve was noted, implying no change in its magnitude.This article provides critical information on V-bend mechanics involving second order and third order archwire-bracket interactions. A model for determining this force system is described that might allow for easier translation to actual clinical practice.

SUBMITTER: Upadhyay M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6279105 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Force system generated by elastic archwires with vertical V bends: a three-dimensional analysis.

Upadhyay Madhur M Shah Raja R Peterson Donald D Asaki Takafumi T Yadav Sumit S Agarwal Sachin S

European journal of orthodontics 20170401 2

<h4>Background</h4>Our previous understanding of V-bend mechanics is primarily from two-dimensional (2D) analysis of archwire bracket interactions in the second order. These analyses do not take into consideration the three-dimensional (3D) nature of orthodontic appliances involving the third order.<h4>Objective</h4>To quantify the force system generated in a 3D two bracket set up involving the molar and incisors with vertical V-bends.<h4>Materials and methods</h4>Maxillary molar and incisor bra ...[more]

PMID: 27287313

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Project description:During the past two decades, novel biomaterial scaffold for cell attachment and culture has been developed for applications in tissue engineering, biosensing and regeneration medicine. Tissue engineering of blood vessels remains a challenge owing to the complex three-layer histology involved. In order to engineer functional blood vessels, it is essential to recapitulate the characteristics of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) inside the tunica media, which is known to be critical for vasoconstriction and vasodilation of the circulatory system. Until now, there has been a lack of understanding on the mechanotransduction of the SMC layer during the transformation from viable synthetic to quiescent contractile phenotypes. In this study, microfabricated arrays of discontinuous microwalls coated with fluorescence microbeads were developed to probe the mechanotransduction of the SMC layer. First, the system was exploited for stimulating the formation of a highly aligned orientation of SMCs in native tunica medium. Second, atomic force microscopy in combination with regression analysis was applied to measure the elastic modulus of a polyacrylamide gel layer coated on the discontinuous microwall arrays. Third, the conventional traction force assay for single cell measurement was extended for applications in three-dimensional cell aggregates. Then, the biophysical effects of discontinuous microwalls on the mechanotransduction of the SMC layer undergoing cell alignment were probed. Generally, the cooperative multiple cell-cell and cell-microwall interactions were accessed quantitatively by the newly developed assay with the aid of finite-element modelling. The results show that the traction forces of highly aligned cells lying in the middle region between two opposing microwalls were significantly lower than those lying adjacent to the microwalls. Moreover, the spatial distributions of Von Mises stress during the cell alignment process were dependent on the collective cell layer orientation. Immunostaining of the SMC sheet further demonstrated that the collective mechanotransduction induced by three-dimensional topographic cues was correlated with the reduction of actin and vinculin expression. In addition, the online two-dimensional LC-MS/MS analysis verified the modulation of focal adhesion formation under the influence of microwalls through the regulation in the expression of three key cytoskeletal proteins.

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Force system generated by elastic archwires with vertical V bends: a three-dimensional analysis.

Publications

Force system generated by elastic archwires with vertical V bends: a three-dimensional analysis.

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