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DNA Synthesis Is Activated in Mosquitoes and Human Monocytes During the Induction of Innate Immune Memory.

ABSTRACT: Endoreplication is a cell cycle program in which cells replicate their genomes without undergoing mitosis and cytokinesis. For the normal development of many organisms (from fungi to humans) and the formation of their organs, endoreplication is indispensable. The aim of the present study was to explore whether endoreplication and DNA synthesis are relevant processes during the induction of trained innate immunity in human monocytes and in the Anopheles albimanus mosquito cell line. During the induction of trained immunity in both models, endoreplication markers were overexpressed and we observed an increase in DNA synthesis with an augmented copy number of genes essential for trained immunity. Blocking DNA synthesis prevented trained immunity from being established. Overall, these findings suggest that DNA synthesis and endoreplication are important mechanisms involved in inducing innate immune memory. They have probably been conserved throughout evolution from invertebrates to humans.

SUBMITTER: Cime-Castillo J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6284063 | biostudies-literature | 2018

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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DNA Synthesis Is Activated in Mosquitoes and Human Monocytes During the Induction of Innate Immune Memory.

Cime-Castillo Jorge J Arts Rob J W RJW Vargas-Ponce de León Valeria V Moreno-Torres Ramon R Hernández-Martínez Salvador S Recio-Totoro Benito B Claudio-Piedras Fabiola F Netea Mihai G MG Lanz-Mendoza Humberto H

Frontiers in immunology 20181130

Endoreplication is a cell cycle program in which cells replicate their genomes without undergoing mitosis and cytokinesis. For the normal development of many organisms (from fungi to humans) and the formation of their organs, endoreplication is indispensable. The aim of the present study was to explore whether endoreplication and DNA synthesis are relevant processes during the induction of trained innate immunity in human monocytes and in the <i>Anopheles albimanus</i> mosquito cell line. During ...[more]

PMID: 30555493

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Project description:Engineered nanoparticles used for medical purposes must meet stringent safety criteria, which include immunosafety, i.e., the inability to activate possibly detrimental immune/inflammatory effects. Even medical nanomaterials devoid of direct immunotoxic or inflammatory effects may have an impact on human health if able to modify innate memory, which is the ability to "prime" future immune responses towards a different, possibly more detrimental reactivity. Although innate memory is usually protective, anomalous innate memory responses may be at the basis of immune pathologies. In this study, we have examined the ability of two nanomaterials commonly used for diagnostic imaging purposes, gold and iron oxide nanoparticles, to induce or modulate innate memory, using an in vitro model based on human primary monocytes. Monocytes were exposed in culture to nanoparticles alone or together with the bacterial agent LPS (priming phase/primary response), then rested for six days (extinction phase), and eventually challenged with LPS (memory/secondary response). The memory response to the LPS challenge was measured as changes in the production of inflammatory (TNFα, IL-6) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-1Ra), as compared to unprimed monocytes. The results show that both types of nanoparticles can have an effect in the induction of memory, with changes observed in the cytokine production. By comparing nanomaterials of different shapes (spherical vs. rod-shaped gold particles) and different size (17 vs. 22 nm diameter spherical iron oxide particles), it was evident that innate memory could be differentially induced and modulated depending on size, shape and chemical composition. However, the main finding was that the innate memory effect of the particles was strongly donor-dependent, with monocytes from each donor showing a distinct memory profile upon priming with the same particles, thereby making impossible to draw general conclusions on the particle effects. Thus, in order to predict the effect of imaging nanoparticles on the innate memory of patients, a personalised profiling would be required, able to take in consideration the peculiarities of the individual innate immune reactivity.

Project description:OBJECTIVE:Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) blockers (ARBs) reduce the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced innate immune response in human circulating monocytes expressing few AT1. To clarify the mechanisms of anti-inflammatory effects of ARBs with different peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-? (PPAR?)-activating potencies, we focused our study on telmisartan, an ARB with the highest PPAR?-stimulating activity. METHODS:Human circulating monocytes and monocytic THP-1 (human acute monocytic leukemia cell line) cells were exposed to 50?ng/ml LPS with or without pre-incubation with telmisartan. AT1 mRNA and protein expressions were determined by real-time PCR and membrane receptor binding assay, respectively. The expression of pro-inflammatory factors was determined by real-time PCR, western blot analysis and ELISA. PPAR? activation was measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and its role was determined by pharmacological inhibition and PPAR? gene silencing. RESULTS:In human monocytes, telmisartan significantly attenuated the LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory factors, the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin E2, nuclear factor-?B activation and reactive oxygen species formation. In THP-1 cells, telmisartan significantly reduced LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-?, inhibitor of ?B-?, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 gene expression and MCP-1-directed migration. Telmisartan also stimulated the expression of the PPAR? target genes cluster of differentiation 36 and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 1 in monocytes. The anti-inflammatory effects of telmisartan were prevented by both PPAR? antagonism and PPAR? gene silencing. Anti-inflammatory effects of ARBs correlated with their PPAR? agonist potency. CONCLUSION:Our observations demonstrate that in human monocytes, ARBs inhibit the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory response to a major extent through the PPAR? activation pathway and may be beneficial for the treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders in which inflammation plays a major role.

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DNA Synthesis Is Activated in Mosquitoes and Human Monocytes During the Induction of Innate Immune Memory.

Publications

DNA Synthesis Is Activated in Mosquitoes and Human Monocytes During the Induction of Innate Immune Memory.

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