Dataset Information

Associations between violence in school and at home and education outcomes in rural Malawi: A longitudinal analysis.

ABSTRACT: Growing evidence of the prevalence of school-related gender-based violence (SRGBV) has raised concerns about negative effects on education. Previous quantitative research on this topic has been limited by descriptive and cross-sectional data. Using longitudinal data from the Malawi Schooling and Adolescent Study, we investigate associations between school and domestic violence and three education outcomes: absenteeism, learning and dropout. Half of respondents had experienced both SRGBV and domestic violence by ages 18-21. Associations between violence and education were mixed: school-related sexual violence was associated with poorer subsequent education outcomes for males, and to a lesser extent for females; domestic violence was associated with higher absenteeism for males, and subsequent dropout for females; and physical violence was associated with lower absenteeism and better subsequent numeracy performance for females. Additional longitudinal research is needed, and should integrate a broad understanding of the influence of gender norms and experiences of violence on young people's educational success.

SUBMITTER: Psaki SR

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6292219 | biostudies-literature | 2017 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Associations between violence in school and at home and education outcomes in rural Malawi: A longitudinal analysis.

Psaki Stephanie R SR Mensch Barbara S BS Soler-Hampejsek Erica E

Comparative education review 20170317 2

Growing evidence of the prevalence of school-related gender-based violence (SRGBV) has raised concerns about negative effects on education. Previous quantitative research on this topic has been limited by descriptive and cross-sectional data. Using longitudinal data from the Malawi Schooling and Adolescent Study, we investigate associations between school and domestic violence and three education outcomes: absenteeism, learning and dropout. Half of respondents had experienced both SRGBV and dome ...[more]

PMID: 30555176

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Project description:Background/aimFluoride is a natural mineral present in food, water, and dental products, constituting ubiquitous long-term exposure in early childhood and across the lifespan. Experimental evidence shows fluoride-induced lipid disturbances with potential implications for cardiometabolic health. However, epidemiological studies are scarce. For the first time, we evaluated associations between repeated fluoride measures and cardiometabolic outcomes in children.MethodsWe studied ∼ 500 Mexican children from the Programming Research in Obesity, Growth, Environment and Social Stressors (PROGRESS) cohort with measurements on urinary fluoride at age 4, and dietary fluoride at ages 4, 6, and 8 years approximately. We used covariate-adjusted linear mixed-effects and linear regression models to assess fluoride associations with multiple cardiometabolic outcomes (ages 4-8): lipids (total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides), glucose, HbA1c, adipokines (leptin and adiponectin), body fat, and age- and sex-specific z-scores of body mass index (zBMI), waist circumference, and blood pressure.ResultsDietary fluoride intake at age 4 was associated with annual increases in triglycerides [β per-fluoride-doubling = 2.02 (95 % CI: 0.37, 3.69)], cholesterol [β = 1.46 (95 % CI: 0.52, 2.39)], HDL [β = 0.39 (95 % CI: 0.02, 0.76)], LDL [β = 0.87 (95 % CI: 0.02, 1.71)], and HbA1c [β = 0.76 (95 % CI: 0.28, 1.24)], and decreased leptin [β = -3.58 (95 % CI: -6.34, -0.75)] between the ages 4 and 8. In cross-sectional analyses at age 8, higher tertiles of fluoride exposure were associated with increases in zBMI, triglycerides, glucose, and leptin (p-tertile trend < 0.05). Stronger associations were observed in boys at year 8 and in girls prior to year 8 (p-sex interaction < 0.05). Fewer but consistent associations were observed for urinary fluoride at age 4, indicating increased annual changes in HDL and HbA1c with higher fluoride levels.ConclusionDietary fluoride exposures in early- and mid-childhood were associated with adverse cardiometabolic outcomes in school-aged children. Further research is needed to elucidate whether these associations persist at later ages.

Project description:IntroductionEvidence indicates children who suffer from ill-health are less likely to attend or complete schooling. Malaria is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in school-age children. However, they are less likely to receive malaria treatment at health facilities and evidence for how to improve schoolchildren's access to care is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a programme of school-based malaria case management on schoolchildren's attendance, health and education.MethodsA cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted in 58 primary schools in Zomba District, Malawi, 2011-2015. The intervention, implemented in 29 randomly selected schools, provided malaria rapid diagnostic tests and artemisinin-based combination therapy to diagnose and treat uncomplicated malaria as part of basic first aid kits known as 'Learner Treatment Kits' (LTK). The primary outcome was school attendance, assessed through teacher-recorded daily attendance registers and independent periodic attendance spot checks. Secondary outcomes included prevalence of Plasmodium spp infection, anaemia, educational performance, self-reported child well-being and health-seeking behaviour. A total of 9571 children from standards 1-7 were randomly selected for assessment of school attendance, with subsamples assessed for the secondary outcomes.ResultsBetween November 2013 and March 2015, 97 trained teachers in 29 schools provided 32 685 unique consultations. Female schoolchildren were significantly more likely than male to seek a consultation (unadjusted OR=1.78 (95% CI 1.58 to 2.00). No significant intervention effect was observed on the proportion of child-days recorded as absent in teacher registers (n=9017 OR=0.90 (95% CI 0.77 to 1.05), p=0.173) or of children absent during random school visits-spot checks (n=5791 OR=1.09 (95% CI 0.87 to 1.36), p=0.474). There was no significant impact on child-reported well-being, prevalence of Plasmodium spp, anaemia or education scores.ConclusionDespite high community demand, the LTK programme did not reduce schoolchildren's absenteeism or improve health or education outcomes in this study setting.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov NCT02213211.

Dataset Information

Associations between violence in school and at home and education outcomes in rural Malawi: A longitudinal analysis.

Publications

Associations between violence in school and at home and education outcomes in rural Malawi: A longitudinal analysis.

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