Dataset Information

Cognitive enhancement with Salience Network electrical stimulation is influenced by network structural connectivity.

ABSTRACT: The Salience Network (SN) and its interactions are important for cognitive control. We have previously shown that structural damage to the SN is associated with abnormal functional connectivity between the SN and Default Mode Network (DMN), abnormal DMN deactivation, and impaired response inhibition, which is an important aspect of cognitive control. This suggests that stimulating the SN might enhance cognitive control. Here, we tested whether non-invasive transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) could be used to modulate activity within the SN and enhance cognitive control. TDCS was applied to the right inferior frontal gyrus/anterior insula cortex during performance of the Stop Signal Task (SST) and concurrent functional (f)MRI. Anodal TDCS improved response inhibition. Furthermore, stratification of participants based on SN structural connectivity showed that it was an important influence on both behavioural and physiological responses to anodal TDCS. Participants with high fractional anisotropy within the SN showed improved SST performance and increased activation of the SN with anodal TDCS, whilst those with low fractional anisotropy within the SN did not. Cathodal stimulation of the SN produced activation of the right caudate, an effect which was not modulated by SN structural connectivity. Our results show that stimulation targeted to the SN can improve response inhibition, supporting the causal influence of this network on cognitive control and confirming it as a target to produce cognitive enhancement. Our results also highlight the importance of structural connectivity as a modulator of network to TDCS, which should guide the design and interpretation of future stimulation studies.

SUBMITTER: Li LM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6299257 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Cognitive enhancement with Salience Network electrical stimulation is influenced by network structural connectivity.

Li Lucia M LM Violante Ines R IR Leech Rob R Hampshire Adam A Opitz Alexander A McArthur David D Carmichael David W DW Sharp David J DJ

NeuroImage 20181027

The Salience Network (SN) and its interactions are important for cognitive control. We have previously shown that structural damage to the SN is associated with abnormal functional connectivity between the SN and Default Mode Network (DMN), abnormal DMN deactivation, and impaired response inhibition, which is an important aspect of cognitive control. This suggests that stimulating the SN might enhance cognitive control. Here, we tested whether non-invasive transcranial direct current stimulation ...[more]

PMID: 30385222

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Project description:BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:The salience network (SN) comprises brain regions that evaluate cues in the external environment in light of internal signals. We examined the SN response to meal intake and potential genetic and acquired influences on SN function. SUBJECTS/METHODS:Monozygotic (MZ; 40 pairs) and dizygotic (15 pairs) twins had body composition and plasma metabolic profile evaluated (glucose, insulin, leptin, ghrelin, and GLP-1). Twins underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans before and after a standardized meal. The strength of SN connectivity was analyzed pre- and post-meal and the percentage change elicited by a meal was calculated. A multi-echo T2 MRI scan measured T2 relaxation time, a radiologic index of gliosis, in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) and control regions. Statistical approaches included intraclass correlations (ICC) to investigate genetic influences and within-pair analyses to exclude genetic confounders. RESULTS:SN connectivity was reduced by a meal ingestion (??=?-0.20; P?<?0.001). Inherited influences on both pre- and post-meal connectivity were present (ICC MZ twins 26%, P?<?0.05 and 47%, P?<?0.001, respectively), but not percentage change in response to the meal. SN connectivity in response to a meal did not differ between participants with obesity and of normal weight (?2(1)?=?0.93; P?=?0.33). However, when participants were classified as having high or low signs of MBH gliosis, the high MBH gliosis group failed to reduce the connectivity in response to a meal (z?=?-1.32; P?=?0.19). Excluding genetic confounders, the percentage change in SN connectivity by a meal correlated to body fat percentage (r?=?0.24; P?<?0.01). CONCLUSIONS:SN connectivity was reduced by a meal, indicating potential participation of the SN in control of feeding. The strength of SN connectivity is inherited, but the degree to which SN connectivity is reduced by eating appears to be influenced by adiposity and the presence of hypothalamic gliosis.

Dataset Information

Cognitive enhancement with Salience Network electrical stimulation is influenced by network structural connectivity.

Publications

Cognitive enhancement with Salience Network electrical stimulation is influenced by network structural connectivity.

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