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Genome-Wide Analysis of LRR-RLK Gene Family in Four Gossypium Species and Expression Analysis during Cotton Development and Stress Responses.

ABSTRACT: Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) have been reported to play important roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. However, no comprehensive analysis of this family has been performed in cotton (Gossypium spp.), which is an important economic crop that suffers various stresses in growth and development. Here we conducted a comprehensive analysis of LRR-RLK family in four Gossypium species (Gossypium arboreum, Gossypium barbadense, Gossypium hirsutum, and Gossypium raimondii). A total of 1641 LRR-RLK genes were identified in the four Gossypium species involved in our study. The maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree revealed that all the LRR-RLK genes were divided into 21 subgroups. Exon-intron organization structure of LRR-RLK genes kept relatively conserved within subfamilies and between Arabidopsis and Gossypium genomes. Notably, subfamilies XI and XII were found dramatically expanded in Gossypium species. Tandem duplication acted as an important mechanism in expansion of the Gossypium LRR-RLK gene family. Functional analysis suggested that Gossypium LRR-RLK genes were enriched for plant hormone signaling and plant-pathogen interaction pathways. Promoter analysis revealed that Gossypium LRR-RLK genes were extensively regulated by transcription factors (TFs), phytohormonal, and various environmental stimuli. Expression profiling showed that Gossypium LRR-RLK genes were widely involved in stress defense and diverse developmental processes including cotton fiber development and provides insight into potential functional divergence within and among subfamilies. Our study provided valuable information for further functional study of Gossypium LRR-RLK genes.

SUBMITTER: Sun R

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6316826 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) represent the largest subfamily of plant RLKs. The functions of most LRR-RLKs have remained undiscovered, and a few that have been experimentally characterized have been shown to have important roles in growth and development as well as in defense responses. Although RLK subfamilies have been previously studied in many plants, no comprehensive study has been performed on this gene family in Citrus species, which have high economic importance and are frequent targets for emerging pathogens. In this study, we performed in silico analysis to identify and classify LRR-RLK homologues in the predicted proteomes of Citrus clementina (clementine) and Citrus sinensis (sweet orange). In addition, we used large-scale phylogenetic approaches to elucidate the evolutionary relationships of the LRR-RLKs and further narrowed the analysis to the LRR-XII group, which contains several previously described cell surface immune receptors.We built integrative protein signature databases for Citrus clementina and Citrus sinensis using all predicted protein sequences obtained from whole genomes. A total of 300 and 297 proteins were identified as LRR-RLKs in C. clementina and C. sinensis, respectively. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees were estimated using Arabidopsis LRR-RLK as a template and they allowed us to classify Citrus LRR-RLKs into 16 groups. The LRR-XII group showed a remarkable expansion, containing approximately 150 paralogs encoded in each Citrus genome. Phylogenetic analysis also demonstrated the existence of two distinct LRR-XII clades, each one constituted mainly by RD and non-RD kinases. We identified 68 orthologous pairs from the C. clementina and C. sinensis LRR-XII genes. In addition, among the paralogs, we identified a subset of 78 and 62 clustered genes probably derived from tandem duplication events in the genomes of C. clementina and C. sinensis, respectively.This work provided the first comprehensive evolutionary analysis of the LRR-RLKs in Citrus. A large expansion of LRR-XII in Citrus genomes suggests that it might play a key role in adaptive responses in host-pathogen co-evolution, related to the perennial life cycle and domestication of the citrus crop species.

Project description:Anthracnose, caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, is a damaging disease of common beans that can drastically reduce crop yield. The most effective strategy to manage anthracnose is the use of resistant cultivars. There are many resistance loci that have been identified, mapped and associated with markers in common bean chromosomes. The Leucine-rich repeat kinase receptor protein (LRR-RLK) family is a diverse group of transmembrane receptors, which potentially recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns and activates an immune response. In this study, we performed in silico analyses to identify, classify, and characterize common bean LRR-RLKs, also evaluating their expression profile in response to the infection by C. lindemuthianum. By analyzing the entire genome of Phaseolus vulgaris, we could identify and classify 230 LRR-RLKs into 15 different subfamilies. The analyses of gene structures, conserved domains and motifs suggest that LRR-RLKs from the same subfamily are consistent in their exon/intron organization and composition. LRR-RLK genes were found along the 11 chromosomes of the species, including regions of proximity with anthracnose resistance markers. By investigating the duplication events within the LRR-RLK family, we associated the importance of such a family with an expansion resulting from a strong stabilizing selection. Promoter analysis was also performed, highlighting cis-elements associated with the plant response to biotic stress. With regard to the expression pattern of LRR-RLKs in response to the infection by C. lindemuthianum, we could point out several differentially expressed genes in this subfamily, which were associated to specific molecular patterns of LRR-RLKs. Our work provides a broad analysis of the LRR-RLK family in P. vulgaris, allowing an in-depth structural and functional characterization of genes and proteins of this family. From specific expression patterns related to anthracnose response, we could infer a direct participation of RLK-LRR genes in the mechanisms of resistance to anthracnose, highlighting important subfamilies for further investigations.

Project description:BackgroundNucleotide binding site (NBS) genes encode a large family of disease resistance (R) proteins in plants. The availability of genomic data of the two diploid cotton species, Gossypium arboreum and Gossypium raimondii, and the two allotetraploid cotton species, Gossypium hirsutum (TM-1) and Gossypium barbadense allow for a more comprehensive and systematic comparative study of NBS-encoding genes to elucidate the mechanisms of cotton disease resistance.ResultsBased on the genome assembly data, 246, 365, 588 and 682 NBS-encoding genes were identified in G. arboreum, G. raimondii, G. hirsutum and G. barbadense, respectively. The distribution of NBS-encoding genes among the chromosomes was nonrandom and uneven, and was tended to form clusters. Gene structure analysis showed that G. arboreum and G. hirsutum possessed a greater proportion of CN, CNL, and N genes and a lower proportion of NL, TN and TNL genes compared to that of G. raimondii and G. barbadense, while the percentages of RN and RNL genes remained relatively unchanged. The percentage changes among them were largest for TNL genes, about 7 times. Exon statistics showed that the average exon numbers per NBS gene in G. raimondii and G. barbadense were all greater than that in G. arboretum and G. hirsutum. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the TIR-NBS genes of G. barbadense were closely related with that of G. raimondii. Sequence similarity analysis showed that diploid cotton G. arboreum possessed a larger proportion of NBS-encoding genes similar to that of allotetraploid cotton G. hirsutum, while diploid G. raimondii possessed a larger proportion of NBS-encoding genes similar to that of allotetraploid cotton G. barbadense. The synteny analysis showed that more NBS genes in G. raimondii and G. arboreum were syntenic with that in G. barbadense and G. hirsutum, respectively.ConclusionsThe structural architectures, amino acid sequence similarities and synteny of NBS-encoding genes between G. arboreum and G. hirsutum, and between G. raimondii and G. barbadense were the highest among comparisons between the diploid and allotetraploid genomes, indicating that G. hirsutum inherited more NBS-encoding genes from G. arboreum, while G. barbadense inherited more NBS-encoding genes from G. raimondii. This asymmetric evolution of NBS-encoding genes may help to explain why G. raimondii and G. barbadense are more resistant to Verticillium wilt, whereas G. arboreum and G. hirsutum are more susceptible to Verticillium wilt. The disease resistances of the allotetraploid cotton were related to their NBS-encoding genes especially in regard from which diploid progenitor they were derived, and the TNL genes may have a significant role in disease resistance to Verticillium wilt in G. raimondii and G. barbadense.

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Genome-Wide Analysis of LRR-RLK Gene Family in Four Gossypium Species and Expression Analysis during Cotton Development and Stress Responses.

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