Dataset Information

Choice of vehicle affects pyraclostrobin toxicity in mice.

ABSTRACT: Pyraclostrobin is a strobilurin fungicide that inhibits mitochondrial complex III of fungal and mammalian cells. In toxicity studies that were used to estimate the safety factor, pyraclostrobin was added to animal feed or to aqueous vehicles. However, foods containing residues of pyraclostrobin and other strobilurin fungicides (azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, fluoxastrobin) are frequently prepared in vegetable oil prior to human consumption. The primary objective of this study was to determine if pyraclostrobin dissolved in an oil-based vehicle had adverse health outcomes in mice when compared to aqueous-based vehicles. We found that pyraclostrobin does not fully dissolve in aqueous methyl cellulose (MC) or carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), two vehicles used in industry-sponsored toxicity studies, but does fully dissolve in corn oil. Moreover, C57BL/6 mice receiving pyraclostrobin in corn oil displayed adverse health outcomes, including loss of body weight, hypothermia and diarrhea at lower doses than when added to feed or to aqueous vehicles. Our data suggest that previous studies underestimated the true toxicity of pyraclostrobin in mammals. Additional toxicity tests using oil-based vehicles are recommended to verify current safety recommendations for strobilurin fungicides.

SUBMITTER: Tuttle AH

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6338344 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Choice of vehicle affects pyraclostrobin toxicity in mice.

Tuttle Alexander H AH Salazar Gabriela G Cooper Ellen M EM Stapleton Heather M HM Zylka Mark J MJ

Chemosphere 20181123

Pyraclostrobin is a strobilurin fungicide that inhibits mitochondrial complex III of fungal and mammalian cells. In toxicity studies that were used to estimate the safety factor, pyraclostrobin was added to animal feed or to aqueous vehicles. However, foods containing residues of pyraclostrobin and other strobilurin fungicides (azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, fluoxastrobin) are frequently prepared in vegetable oil prior to human consumption. The primary objective of this study was to determine if ...[more]

PMID: 30497033

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Project description:BackgroundAnimal-vehicle collisions represent substantial sources of mortality for a variety of taxa and can pose hazards to property and human health. But there is comparatively little information available on escape responses by free-ranging animals to vehicle approach versus predators/humans.MethodsWe examined responses (alert distance and flight-initiation distance) of focal Canada geese (Branta canadensis maxima) to vehicle approach (15.6 m·s-1) in a semi-natural setting and given full opportunity to escape. We manipulated the direction of the vehicle approach (direct versus tangential) and availability of social information about the vehicle approach (companion group visually exposed or not to the vehicle).ResultsWe found that both categorical factors interacted to affect alert and escape behaviors. Focal geese used mostly personal information to become alert to the vehicle under high risk scenarios (direct approach), but they combined personal and social information to become alert in low risk scenarios (tangential approach). Additionally, when social information was not available from the companion group, focal birds escaped at greater distances under direct compared to tangential approaches. However, when the companion group could see the vehicle approaching, focal birds escaped at similar distances irrespective of vehicle direction. Finally, geese showed a greater tendency to take flight when the vehicle approached directly, as opposed to a side step or walking away from the vehicle.ConclusionsWe suggest that the perception of risk to vehicle approach (likely versus unlikely collision) is weighted by the availability of social information in the group; a phenomenon not described before in the context of animal-vehicle interactions. Notably, when social information is available, the effects of heightened risk associated with a direct approach might be reduced, leading to the animal delaying the escape, which could ultimately increase the chances of a collision. Also, information on a priori escape distances required for surviving a vehicle approach (based on species behavior and vehicle approach speeds) can inform planning, such as location of designated cover or safe areas. Future studies should assess how information from vehicle approach flows within a flock, including aspects of vehicle speed and size, metrics that affect escape decision-making.

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Choice of vehicle affects pyraclostrobin toxicity in mice.

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Choice of vehicle affects pyraclostrobin toxicity in mice.

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