Flipped Classroom Module on Shock for Medical Students.
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ABSTRACT: Introduction
This module teaches medical students about shock through a flipped classroom approach. By the conclusion of the module, students are able to differentiate the main types of shock, recognize clinical signs of shock, and formulate initial treatment plans. The flipped classroom approach means that students complete the lower levels of cognitive work (gaining knowledge and comprehension) outside of class, so that they can focus on the higher forms of cognitive work (application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation) in class with the support of their peers and instructors.Methods
Prior to class, students complete advance preparation by reading selected articles. In class, students work through case-based discussion questions in teams.Results
This module has been successfully implemented, with survey data from students showing higher self-rated confidence in their ability to achieve specified objectives after completion of the module. According to survey data, students felt they learned more from the class than from a traditional lecture format, and the class promoted teamwork skills.Discussion
This module provides a tool for pediatric faculty instructors to redesign a traditional lecture-based class on shock into an interactive, case-based session that uses the flipped classroom approach.
SUBMITTER: Hoffmann JA
PROVIDER: S-EPMC6342165 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Feb
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
Flipped Classroom Module on Shock for Medical Students.
Hoffmann Jennifer A JA Thompson Rachel W RW
MedEdPORTAL : the journal of teaching and learning resources 20170213
<h4>Introduction</h4>This module teaches medical students about shock through a flipped classroom approach. By the conclusion of the module, students are able to differentiate the main types of shock, recognize clinical signs of shock, and formulate initial treatment plans. The flipped classroom approach means that students complete the lower levels of cognitive work (gaining knowledge and comprehension) outside of class, so that they can focus on the higher forms of cognitive work (application, ...[more]
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Project description:BackgroundToday, flipped classroom (FC) has been widely used in medical education. However, the effectiveness of FC remains controversial. The variation may cause by different subjects or different course design. Moreover, those studies did not explain how the association among different domains of learning objective was in FCs. The purpose of this study was to explore the help of learning domains from a FC of suturing skill in year-5 medical students.DesignThis study determined sample size according to statistical power. A minimum number of 77 participants for regression analysis are needed. Therefore, this study enrolled 78 medical students in a 2-hour suturing course, which consisted of pre-class video and in-class instruction. Both simple and mattress suturing were taught. The students received an anonymous survey with questionnaire of Help from Instruction Questionnaire for Clinical Skills (HIQ-CS) after the course. The HIQ-CS was developed by medical education team according to Bloom's taxonomy, and its reliability was favorable (Cronbach's ^l = 0.839). Factor loadings among all items in the HIQ-CS was also favorable (0.790 to 0.849). This study determined consensus of students' perspective by median (Me) and interquartile range (IQR), and tested mediation among different learning domains by regression.ResultsThe results showed medical students agreed FC can help them in learning suturing (Me = 4, IQR = 1). The cognitive help (β = .526, p < .001) was completely mediated by psychomotor help (β = .399, p < .001) and affective help (β = .413, p < .001) to overall helps in FC. The affective help (β = .617, p < .001) was partially mediated by psychomotor help to overall helps in FC.ConclusionsFC may help students in learning suturing skill in different domains. Our model explains the cognitive help from FC provides an important foundation for the helps of other domains. Although the model should be examined by different curricula and measurements in future, the model of help from instruction in our study provided an innovated concept and framework in medical education.
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Project description:IntroductionThis dental anatomy module is the second in a series that develops skills in analyzing the morphology, function, anomalies, and development of human teeth. Learning the visual details associated with teeth has often proven difficult using the lecture format; thus, we have utilized computer-assisted flipped learning, which has been shown to be just as effective as lectures and frees up class time for active learning.MethodsIn a flipped classroom approach, students learn basic knowledge with a self-paced, interactive tutorial prior to class. In class, students are assigned to small groups and start with a readiness assessment quiz, administered first individually and then to each team. This is followed by a review for the whole class. The teams then practice critical thinking through practical application scenarios; a laboratory exercise follows where students wax tooth #25 and tooth #26.ResultsStudents rated faculty members who used team-based learning higher than those who used lecture format for similar morphology lectures. For the first 3 years that this flipped classroom technique was used, students consistently scored it higher than the lecture format on a 5-point Likert scale. Multiple positive comments indicated their preference for this method.DiscussionTeaching students to see the subtle variations in tooth morphology takes time and attention. In a lecture, each key point is covered only once, and images appear fleetingly. A key advantage of the self-paced interactive tutorial coupled with flipped classroom activities is that each learner can take the time needed with each image in a tutorial.
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Project description:Flipped classroom (FCR) is an active learning pedagogical method in which the students prepare prior to class using different modalities, for example, reading materials and videos, and afterward spend the time in class discussing the content and reinforcing the concepts. We chose to replace one problem-based case on "Shock" with flipped-style teaching in the respiration circulation module of a private medical university. Our objective was to use the clinical presentation of "Shock" to open a window to interrelate basic science concepts of cardiovascular physiology and pathology. It aimed to merge the case-based discussion with small-group discussions in the form of FCR activity. The qualitative study gives an overview of comments of facilitators, observers, and leadership of the Department and University obtained during focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. Thematic analysis of responses emphasized the importance of FCR as an effective teaching learning modality, which can be made more effective by careful selection of topic and provision of facilities to support technology-enhanced learning. The discussions with facilitators, observers, and leadership revealed its usefulness through student's engagement and increased participation to build learning of the key concepts. Student satisfaction in these activities can be enhanced by construction of knowledge acquired in non-face-to-face component with substantial pre-reading materials, videos, peer discussions, quizzes, and prompt feedback.
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Project description:IntroductionImmunizations, one of the most significant public health successes in the last century, have recently been met with a resistance that has resulted in populations with falling immunity and outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. In response to this, we conducted a needs assessment of medical students at the University of California, Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine to assess attitudes towards vaccines, knowledge of vaccines and vaccine-preventable diseases, and confidence in discussing vaccines. The results informed the development of this interactive, flipped-classroom and case-based curriculum for third-year pediatric clerkship students.MethodsIn our two-part curriculum, students independently view a short podcast with an overview of vaccines and vaccine-preventable diseases, then participate in a case-based workshop. For the workshop, students divide into small groups and are presented with a case-based scenario surrounding a child with a parent who has concerns about recommended vaccines. Students discuss the case in small groups, find answers to directed questions, and present the case and findings to the larger group, with specific focus on their approach to the vaccine hesitant parent.ResultsAnonymous student evaluations revealed that 93% of students enjoyed learning from this flipped classroom and case-based format. Likewise, 98% of students felt more confident in their approach to vaccine discussions.DiscussionVaccine hesitancy is becoming an increasingly common and worrisome problem. Our curriculum provides students with knowledge about the importance of childhood immunizations as well as an opportunity to practice addressing common concerns and misconceptions they will encounter in clinical settings.
| S-EPMC6338158 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionThe flipped classroom is a pedagogical model in which the typical lecture and homework/self-study elements of a course are reversed or ‗flipped'. The flipped model differs from distance and online learning, since students still have face-to-face contact with tutors. Studies have shown that the flipped classroom approach can be effective with clinical skills learning by paramedics, but it is not clear whether anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology can effectively be taught using a flipped approach.MethodsA flipped classroom approach was taken for a three-hour theory session on the Diploma of Higher Education in Paramedic Practice that would usually have been taught by traditional lecture. Participants, 20 student paramedics already employed by the Ambulance Service as Emergency Care Assistants, completed a two-part questionnaire after the session. Part one comprised 22 Likert style questions, with part two allowing qualitative data with five open ended questions.ResultsAll students preferred the traditional lecture over a flipped approach. Time constraints and preparation were seen as major disadvantages of the flipped classroom, as was being unable to ask questions in real time. Flexibility was seen to be an advantage of online lectures, and a blended/combination approach of online resources and traditional lecture was seen as valuable.ConclusionThe demographic of students may have had an impact upon the results of the study and the lack of popularity of the flipped approach. Employed students have the added pressure of full-time work, and further research is needed into whether different methods should be employed when choosing how to educate employed paramedic students versus those who enter via the undergraduate route and study full time.
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Project description:IntroductionCurrent residency didactic schedules that are built upon hour-long, lecture-based presentations are incongruous with adult learning theory and the needs of millennial generation residents. An alternative to the traditional lecture, the flipped classroom involves viewing a short video lecture at home, followed by an active discussion during class time. This module was developed for emergency medicine residents and rotating medical students without previous training on the subject.MethodsThe at-home portion of the module was designed to be delivered at home, while the in-class discussion was designed to be carried out over 30-45 minutes during a regularly scheduled didactic time. Small-group size may be determined by faculty availability, though groups of five are optimal. There is no requirement for faculty preparation prior to the in-class session. Associated materials include objectives, the at-home video, a discussion guide for faculty facilitators, a case-based handout for students and residents, and assessment questions. We assessed our module with a pretest, immediate posttest, and the posttest again after 90 days.ResultsThe mean pretest score was 66%, mean posttest score 76%, and mean retention test score 66%. There was an immediate increase of 10%, which did not remain at 90 days.DiscussionWe developed a flipped classroom module that can be implemented in any emergency medicine residency or clerkship. It addresses the theoretical challenges posed to traditional conference didactics by increasing the focus on problem solving and self-directed learning.
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Project description:BackgroundFinnish permanent residents are covered by social security insurance administered by the Social Insurance Institution of Finland. The procedure of insurance is initiated with medical certificate written by the treating doctor. Thus, the doctor must have certificate writing skills accompanied with the knowledge of the content and goals for insurance. Quality certificates are important part of doctors' professional skills worldwide and most effective teaching methods for learning these should be investigated.MethodsMedical certificate data were collected from two independent courses of fourth-year student taught in autumn 2015 (N = 141) and 2016 (N = 142) in the medical faculty of the University of Eastern Finland. A random sample of 40 students per course was drawn for the analysis. All certificates were analyzed as one sample. This was done to obtain reliable results with internal control group on the differences between two teaching methods, the traditional approach and the flipped classroom (FC) approach, in 2015 and 2016, respectively. The medical certificates were evaluated and scored with a rubric (range: - 4.00-14.25) by two independent experienced specialists.ResultsCompared to students in the traditional classroom, students involved in the FC received significantly higher scores in all relevant sections of the assessed certificates. The mean of the total scores was 8.87 (SD = 1.70) for the traditional group and 10.97 (SD = 1.25) for the FC group. Based on the common language effect size, a randomly selected student from the FC group had an 85% probability of receiving a higher total score than a student from the traditional group.ConclusionIn this study, the FC approach resulted in a statistical significant improvement in the content and technical quality of the certificates. The results suggest that the FC approach can be applied in the teaching of medical certificate writing.
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Project description:ObjectiveThe aim of the study is to report the creation of a flipped ophthalmology course and preclinical medical student perceptions and knowledge gains before and after a flipped ophthalmology course.DesignThe form of the study discussed is an observational study.SubjectsThe subjects involved in the study are second-year (U.S.) United States medical students at the University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine (n = 401).MethodsSecond-year medical students participated in a 1-week "flipped classroom" ophthalmology course geared toward primary care providers at the University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine. Eleven hours of traditional classroom lectures were condensed into 4.5 hours of short videos with self-assessment quizzes, small group discussions, and a large group case-based discussion. Fifty-seven short videos (<9 minutes) focused on major ophthalmology topics and common conditions were viewed by the students at their leisure. Students completed a pre- and post-course evaluation on their perceptions and opinions of the flipped classroom approach. Final exam scores in the flipped classroom cohort were compared with the final exam scores in the traditional didactic format used in years prior.Main outcome measuresThe main outcome measures include: student final exam performance; student satisfaction, opinions, and perceptions.ResultsOver the course of 2 years, 401 second-year U.S. medical students participated in the flipped classroom ophthalmology course. The majority of students enjoyed the flipped classroom experience (75.3%) and expressed interest in using the approach for future lessons (74.6%). The flipped classroom videos were preferred to live lectures (61.2%). Over 90% of students stated the self-assessment quizzes were useful, 79% reported that the small group discussions were an effective way to apply knowledge, and 76% cited the large group case-based discussion as useful. Pre-course knowledge assessment scores averaged 48%. Final examination scores in the flipped group (average ± standard deviation [SD] = 92.1% ± 6.1) were comparable to that of the traditional group when evaluating identical questions (average ± SD = 91.7% ± 5.54), p = 0.34.ConclusionThe flipped classroom approach proved to be a well-received and successful approach to preclinical medical education for ophthalmology. This was achieved using 35% less course time than our traditional course. This innovative approach has potential for expansion to other medical schools, medical education abroad, and for other medical school modules.
| S-EPMC7869843 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveAt present, current didactic teaching delivery method help nursing students apply theory to clinical situations in an inefficient way. The flipped classroom (FC), a novel teaching mode emphasizing self-study and critical thinking, has generated interest in nursing education in China. However, there are a gap in the literature and no consistent outcomes of current studies which compared FC and lecture-based learning (LBL), and no systematic review has comprehensively compared theoretical scores as an affected outcome in FC versus LBL modes.MethodsIn this review, we analyze flipped-learning nursing students' scores, and aim to assess the efficacy and provide a deeper understanding of the FC in nursing education. Following the inclusion criteria, articles were obtained by searching PubMed, Embase and Chinese data, including the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, and VIP database until 3 January 2020. Data were extracted from eligible articles and quality was assessed. A meta-analysis was then performed using a random effects model with a standardized mean value (SMD) and a 95% confidence interval (CI).32 studies were included after reviewing 2,439 citations. All studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The FC theoretical knowledge scores in FC were significantly positively affected compared to those of the traditional classroom (SMD = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.02-1.64; P < 0.001). In addition, 23 studies reported skill scores, indicating significant difference between the FC mode and LBL mode (SMD = 1.58, 95%CI: 1.23-1.93; P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe results of this meta-analysis suggest that compared to the LBL teaching method, the FC mode dose significantly improve Chinese nursing students' theoretical scores. However, the problems of heterogeneity and publication bias in this study need to be remedied high-quality future studies.
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Project description:Flipped instruction is gaining popularity in medical schools, but there are unanswered questions such as the optimum amount of the curriculum to flip and whether flipped sessions should be mandatory. We were in a unique position to evaluate feedback from first-year medical students who had experienced both flipped and lecture-based courses during their first semester of medical school. A key finding was that the students preferred a variety of different learning formats over an "all or nothing" learning format. Learning format preferences did not necessarily align with perceptions of which format led to better course exam performance. Nearly 70% of respondents wanted to make their own decisions regarding attendance. Candid responses to open-ended survey prompts reflected millennial preferences for choice, flexibility, efficiency, and the ability to control the pace of their learning, providing insight to guide curricular improvements.
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