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Construction of a high density genetic map of an interspecific cross of Capsicum chinense and Capsicum annuum and QTL analysis of floral traits.

ABSTRACT: The yield of pepper plants (Capsicum spp.) is their most important trait and is affected by the flower number and flowering time. Capsicum annuum produces a single flower per node and has an early flowering habit. By contrast, Capsicum chinense yields multiple flowers per node and has a late flowering character. However, the genetic mechanism underlying the control of these floral traits remains largely unknown. In this study, 150 F2 populations from an interspecific cross between the inbred lines 740 (C. chinense) and CA1 (C. annuum) and their parents were used to construct a molecular genetic linkage map using the specific length amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) technique. This linkage map, spanning 1,586.78 cM in length, contained 9,038 markers on 12 chromosomes, with a mean marker distance of 0.18 cM. Phenotypic data on the flowering time and flower number per node were collected over multiple years, and QTL analysis identified 6 QTLs for the flowering time and flower number per node by composite interval mapping (CIM) and genome-wide composite interval mapping (GCIM) methods at least in two environments. The candidate genes within the major QTL were predicted. In the major flowering time QTL, the candidate gene Capana02g000700, which encodes the homeotic protein APETALA2, was identified. Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that its expression level in 740 was higher than that in CA1. Gene expression analysis indicated that the expression of Capana02g000700 was significantly upregulated in flowers, and many floral development-related genes were found to be coexpressed with Capana02g000700, supporting the function of this gene in association with flowering time in C. chinense and C. annuum species.

SUBMITTER: Zhu Z

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6355862 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Background and aimsIt has been demonstrated that nitrogen (N) addition alters flower morphology, floral rewards and pollinator performance. However, little is known about the effects of N addition on plant reproduction, including fruit set and seed set during selfing and outcrossing, floral and vegetative traits, and pollinator performance. We hypothesized that N addition would influence fruit set, seed set in selfed and outcrossed flowers, the relationship between vegetative and flower traits, and pollinator performance.MethodsA 2-year pot experiment was conducted in which Capsicum annuum was exposed to three levels of relatively short-term N supply, i.e. 0 g m-2 (no N addition, as a control), 4 g m-2 (4N) and 16 g m-2 (16N), which are equivalent to about 0-, 1- and 4-fold of the peak local N deposition. We measured flower rewards, flower morphology, flowering phenology, as well as pollinator visitation rate, fruit set and seed set by self- and outcross-fertilization of C. annuum.ResultsThe four levels of N addition increased plant biomass, biomass allocation to flowers, flower size, stigma-anther separation, nectar production and pollen production, resulting in an increase in pollinator visitation and fruit set. Nevertheless, the control and 16 levels of N addition reduced plant biomass, biomass allocation to flowers, flower size and stigma-anther separation, and nectar and pollen production, and consequently decreased pollinator visitation and fruit set. Exclusion of pollinators and hand-pollination experiments revealed that low levels of N addition were associated with high seed set in outcrossed flowers; however, this trend was reversed in flowers grown in the control and 16N treatments.ConclusionOur results suggest that an optimal level of 4N can enhance the correlation between flower traits, pollinator performance and plant reproduction. Our findings cast new light on the underlying mechanisms of plant-pollinator interactions and plant adaptation to nitrogen deposition.

Dataset Information

Construction of a high density genetic map of an interspecific cross of Capsicum chinense and Capsicum annuum and QTL analysis of floral traits.

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