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What Methods of Scoring Young Children's Spelling Best Predict Later Spelling Performance?

ABSTRACT: Background:Children's spellings are often scored as correct or incorrect, but other measures may be better predictors of later spelling performance. Method:We examined seven measures of spelling in Reception Year and Year 1 (5-6 years old) as predictors of performance on a standardized spelling test in Year 2 (age 7). Results:Correctness was the best predictor of later spelling by the middle of Year 1, and it significantly outperformed a binary measure of phonological plausibility at the end of Reception Year. Nonbinary measures based on Levenshtein distance were significant predictors of later spelling in the middle of Reception Year and in children who produced no correct spellings. Some widely used scales performed less well with children who did not yet produce any correct spellings. Conclusions:Nonbinary measures of spelling performance can predict later spelling performance, but for a more restricted period than anticipated based on many theories.

SUBMITTER: Treiman R

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6364987 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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What Methods of Scoring Young Children's Spelling Best Predict Later Spelling Performance?

Treiman Rebecca R Caravolas Markéta M Kessler Brett B

Journal of research in reading 20180511 1

<h4>Background</h4>Children's spellings are often scored as correct or incorrect, but other measures may be better predictors of later spelling performance.<h4>Method</h4>We examined seven measures of spelling in Reception Year and Year 1 (5-6 years old) as predictors of performance on a standardized spelling test in Year 2 (age 7).<h4>Results</h4>Correctness was the best predictor of later spelling by the middle of Year 1, and it significantly outperformed a binary measure of phonological plaus ...[more]

PMID: 30739964

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Project description:Despite being a major threat to health, vaccine hesitancy (i.e., refusal or reluctance to vaccinate despite vaccine availability) is on the rise. Using a longitudinal cohort of young adults (N = 1260) from Los Angeles County, California we investigated the neurobehavioral mechanisms underlying COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Data were collected at two time points: during adolescence (12th grade; fall 2016; average age = 16.96 (±0.42)) and during young adulthood (spring 2021; average age = 21.33 (±0.49)). Main outcomes and measures were delay discounting (DD; fall 2016) and tendency to act rashly when experiencing positive and negative emotions (UPPS-P; fall 2016); self-reported vaccine hesitancy and vaccine beliefs/knowledge (spring 2021). A principal components analysis determined four COVID-19 vaccine beliefs/knowledge themes: Collective Responsibility, Confidence and Risk Calculation, Complacency, and Convenience. Significant relationships were found between themes, COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, and DD. Collective Responsibility (β = -1.158[-1.213,-1.102]) and Convenience (β = -0.132[-0.185,-0.078]) scores were negatively associated, while Confidence and Risk Calculation (β = 0.283[0.230,0.337]) and Complacency (β = 0.412[0.358,0.466]) scores were positively associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Additionally, Collective Responsibility (β = -0.060[-0.101,-0.018]) was negatively associated, and Complacency (β = -0.063[0.021,0.105]) was positively associated with DD from fall 2016. Mediation analysis revealed immediacy bias during adolescence, measured by DD, predicted vaccine hesitancy 4 years later while being mediated by two types of vaccine beliefs/knowledge: Collective Responsibility (β = 0.069[0.022,0.116]) and Complacency (β = 0.026[0.008,0.044]). These findings provide a further understanding of individual vaccine-related decision-making among young adults and inform public health messaging to increase vaccination acceptance.

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What Methods of Scoring Young Children's Spelling Best Predict Later Spelling Performance?

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What Methods of Scoring Young Children's Spelling Best Predict Later Spelling Performance?

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