Dataset Information

High Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase CTX-M-Producing Escherichia coli in Small-Scale Poultry Farming in Rural Ecuador.

ABSTRACT: Small-scale farming may have large impacts on the selection and spread of antimicrobial resistance to humans. We conducted an observational study to evaluate antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli populations from poultry and humans in rural northwestern Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Our study site is a remote region with historically low resistance levels of third-generation antibiotics such cefotaxime (CTX), a clinically relevant antibiotic, in both poultry and humans. Our study revealed 1) high CTX resistance (66.1%) in farmed broiler chickens, 2) an increase in CTX resistance over time in backyard chicken not fed antibiotics (2.3-17.9%), and 3) identical bla CTX-M sequences from human and chicken bacteria, suggesting a spillover event. These findings provide evidence that small-scale meat production operations have direct impacts on the spread and selection of clinically important antibiotics among underdeveloped settings.

SUBMITTER: Hedman HD

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6367627 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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High Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase CTX-M-Producing <i>Escherichia coli</i> in Small-Scale Poultry Farming in Rural Ecuador.

Hedman Hayden D HD Eisenberg Joseph N S JNS Vasco Karla A KA Blair Christopher N CN Trueba Gabriel G Berrocal Veronica J VJ Zhang Lixin L

The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 20190201 2

Small-scale farming may have large impacts on the selection and spread of antimicrobial resistance to humans. We conducted an observational study to evaluate antibiotic-resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i> populations from poultry and humans in rural northwestern Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Our study site is a remote region with historically low resistance levels of third-generation antibiotics such cefotaxime (CTX), a clinically relevant antibiotic, in both poultry and humans. Our study revealed 1) high ...[more]

PMID: 30457098

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Project description:BackgroundAgricultural use of antimicrobials in subtherapeutic concentrations is increasing in response to the rising demand for food animal products worldwide. In India, the use of antimicrobials in food animal production is unregulated. Research suggests that many clinically important antimicrobials are used indiscriminately. This is the largest study to date in India that surveys poultry production to test for antimicrobial resistance and the occurrence of extended-spectrum ?-lactamases (ESBLs) modulated by farming and managerial practices.ObjectivesOur goal was to survey poultry production for resistance to eleven clinically relevant antimicrobials and phenotypic occurrence of ESBLs as modulated by farming and managerial practices.MethodsEighteen poultry farms from Punjab were surveyed, and 1,556 Escherichia coli isolates from 530 birds were tested for susceptibility to 11 antimicrobials using the disk diffusion method and validated using VITEK 2 (bioMérieux, Marcy-L’Étoile, France). Samples from 510 of these birds were phenotypically tested for ESBL production using the combination disk method and confirmed using VITEK 2. Generalized linear mixed models were used to infer differences in resistance profiles associated with different farming practices and facility types.ResultsResistance profiles were significantly different between broiler and layer farms. Broiler farms were 2.2 [ampicillin (AMP), p=0.017] to 23 [nalidixic acid (NX), p<0.001] times more likely to harbor resistant E. coli strains than layer farms. Adjusting for farm type (broiler vs. layer), the odds of resistance (although not statistically significant) to all antimicrobials except nitrofurantoin (NIT) were higher in independent facilities (IUs) as compared to contracted facilities (CFs). Increased prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR; 94% compared to 60% in layers), including prevalence of ESBL-producing strains (87% compared to 42% in layers), was observed in broiler farms.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that unregulated use of clinically relevant antimicrobials in Indian broiler and layer farms may contribute to the emergence of resistance and support the need to curb the nontherapeutic use of medically important antimicrobials in food animal production. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP292.

Project description:BackgroundGlobally, chicken is known to be a reservoir for the spread of antimicrobial resistance genes to humans. In Nigeria, antimicrobial drugs are readily accessible for use in poultry production, either for preventive or therapeutic purposes. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) are transmissible to humans because of their zoonotic potentials. People working very closely with chickens either on farms or markets are at greater risk. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and zoonotic transmission of ESBL-EC among poultry-workers, chickens, and poultry environments in Abuja, Nigeria.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study among workers, chickens and poultry environment in selected farms/chicken markets in Abuja. Stool, faecal, and environmental samples were collected from apparently healthy workers, chickens, and farm/market environments from December 2018 to April 2019. Data were collected electronically using an open data kit (ODK) installed on a Smartphone. Antimicrobial resistance was determined using broth micro-dilution methods against a panel of 14 antimicrobial agents. We carried out the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of the isolates. Data were analyzed by computing frequencies, proportions and spearman's correlation (ρ).ResultsOf 429 samples, 26.8% (n = 115) were positive for Escherichia coli (E. coli). Of the 115 E. coli isolates, 32.2% (n = 37) were confirmed ESBL producers by phenotypic characterization. Prevalence of ESBL-EC was highest among both poultry-workers (37.8%; n = 14) and chickens (37.8%; n = 14) followed by the environment (24.3%; n = 9). Both human and chicken isolates showed similar patterns of multidrug resistance to tested antimicrobials with a positive correlation (ρ = 0.91). Among ESBL producers, we observed the dissemination of blaCTX-M (10.8%; n = 4) genes. The coexistence of blaCTX-M-15 and blaTEM-1 genes was observed in 8.1% (n = 3) of the isolates, out of which (66.7%; n = 2) were chicken isolates from the farm, while a single human isolate was from the chicken market.ConclusionsESBL-EC isolates were prevalent amongst apparently healthy individuals, chickens and the poultry farm/market environment in Abuja. It is important to educate healthcare workers that people in proximity with poultry are a high-risk group for faecal carriage of ESBL-EC, hence pose a higher risk to the general population for the spread of antimicrobial resistance.

Project description:In recent years, the CTX-M-55 extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-positive rate has gradually increased in the clinic. To identify the molecular epidemiology and characteristics of bla CTX-M -55-positive isolates, a total of 374 non-repetitive ESBL-producing Escherichia coli strains were collected from patients in two hospitals in Guangzhou, and 89 bla CTX-M -55-positive isolates were selected by CTX-M-1-group PCR amplification and confirmed by DNA sequencing. Whole-genome sequencing was used to analyze the resistance phenotype, plasmid types, phylogenetic relationships and genetic environment of the bla CTX-M -55 gene. Conjugation experiments and PCR were performed to confirm whether the plasmid harboring bla CTX-M-55 gene could be transferred. The results showed that all bla CTX-M-55-positive isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone, and 88.76 and 76.40% were resistant to ceftazidime and cefepime, respectively. The resistance rates to levofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole were 66.29 and 59.55%, respectively. However, the sensitivity rate of piperacillin/tazobactam, amoxicillin/clavulanate, and amikacin exceeded 90%. All bla CTX-M-55-positive isolates were sensitive to carbapenems. Thirty-two STs were detected in the bla CTX-M-55-positive isolates, among which the detection rate of ST1193 was relatively high (19.10%, 17/89), and other ST types were scattered. It remains to be seen whether ST1193 carrying the bla CTX-M -55 gene can become a popular clone strain in this region in the future. The plasmid types carrying the bla CTX-M -55 gene included IncI1, IncFII, IncFIC, IncFIB, IncHI2, IncI2, and IncX/Y, among which the IncI1 and IncFII plasmids were the main plasmids, accounting for 37.80 and 28.09%, respectively. Among them, 11 strains of the IncI1 plasmid existed in ST1193 strains. The bla CTX-M -55 gene was found on chromosomes of 13 isolates, and seemed to be increasing annually. Up to five distinct types of genetic environments surrounding the bla CTX-M -55 gene were analyzed. The most common structure was type II "ISEcp1-bla CTX-M -55-ORF477." In conclusion, whether ST1193, which carries bla CTX-M -55 gene, will be an epidemic clone of this region in the future remains to be concerned. The plasmids IncI1 and IncFII, and mobile elements such as ISEcp1 and IS26 may be the main factors leading to the spread and prevalence of CTX-M-55 genotypes.

Dataset Information

High Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase CTX-M-Producing Escherichia coli in Small-Scale Poultry Farming in Rural Ecuador.

Publications

High Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase CTX-M-Producing <i>Escherichia coli</i> in Small-Scale Poultry Farming in Rural Ecuador.

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