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Breast Milk Microbiota Is Shaped by Mode of Delivery and Intrapartum Antibiotic Exposure.

ABSTRACT: The mode of delivery has been suggested to modulate the bacterial composition of breast milk but the impact of intrapartum antibiotic use on the milk microbiota is currently not known. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of the mode of the delivery and intrapartum antibiotic administration on the microbial composition of breast milk. Breast milk samples were collected from 84 healthy mothers 1 month after the delivery. In total, 61 mothers had delivered vaginally, 23 of which had received intrapartum antibiotics, 13 women had delivered with non-elective cesarean section, 7 of which had received antibiotics, and 10 mothers had delivered with elective cesarean section without intrapartum antibiotic treatment. Both mode of delivery and intrapartum antibiotic exposure were significantly associated with changes in the milk microbial composition as assessed by analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) test (p = 0.001). The mode of delivery had a more profound effect on the milk microbiota composition as compared to intrapartum antibiotic exposure. Although the clinical significance of breast milk microbiota is currently poorly understood, this study shows that cesarean section delivery has an independent effect on breast milk microbiota composition. The dysbiosis observed in infants born by cesarean section delivery may be aggravated by the aberrant breast milk microbiota.

SUBMITTER: Hermansson H

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6369203 | biostudies-literature | 2019

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Breast Milk Microbiota Is Shaped by Mode of Delivery and Intrapartum Antibiotic Exposure.

Hermansson Henriina H Kumar Himanshu H Collado Maria Carmen MC Salminen Seppo S Isolauri Erika E Rautava Samuli S

Frontiers in nutrition 20190204

The mode of delivery has been suggested to modulate the bacterial composition of breast milk but the impact of intrapartum antibiotic use on the milk microbiota is currently not known. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of the mode of the delivery and intrapartum antibiotic administration on the microbial composition of breast milk. Breast milk samples were collected from 84 healthy mothers 1 month after the delivery. In total, 61 mothers had delivered vaginally, 23 of which had re ...[more]

PMID: 30778389

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Project description:BackgroundBreast milk is a complex biofluid that provides nutrients and bioactive agents, including bacteria, for the development of the infant gut microbiota. However, the impact of maternal diet and other factors, such as mode of delivery and antibiotic exposure, on the breast milk microbiota has yet to be understood.ObjectivesThis study aimed to examine the association between maternal diet and breast milk microbiota and to ascertain the potential role of mode of delivery and antibiotic exposure.MethodsIn a cross-sectional study of the MAMI cohort, breast milk microbiota profiling was assessed in 120 samples from healthy mothers by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Maternal dietary information was recorded through an FFQ, and clinical characteristics, including mode of delivery, antibiotic exposure, and exclusive breastfeeding, were collected.ResultsMaternal diet was grouped into 2 clusters: Cluster I (high intake of plant protein, fiber, and carbohydrates), and Cluster II (high intake of animal protein and lipids). Breast milk microbiota was shaped by maternal dietary clusters. Staphylococcus and Bifidobacterium were associated with carbohydrate intake whereas the Streptococcus genus was associated with intakes of the n-3 PUFAs [EPA and docosapentaenoic acid (22:5?-3)]. Mode of delivery and antibiotic exposure influenced breast milk microbiota in a diet cluster-dependent manner. Differences between/among the maternal dietary clusters were found in the milk microbiota of the cesarean-section (C-section)/antibiotic group, whereas no differences were observed in vaginal births. Lower abundances of Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, and Sediminibacterium genera were observed in Cluster II/C-section/antibiotic exposure compared with the other groups.ConclusionsMaternal diet shapes the composition and diversity of breast milk microbiota, with the most important contributions coming from dietary fiber and both plant and animal protein intakes. The relation between the maternal diet and the milk microbiota needs further research because it has a key impact on infant microbiota development and contributes to infant health outcomes in the short and long term.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03552939.

Project description:Recent studies report the presence of fungal species in breast milk of healthy mothers, suggesting a potential role in infant mycobiome development. In the present work, we aimed to determine whether the healthy human breast milk mycobiota is influenced by geographical location and mode of delivery, as well as to investigate its interaction with bacterial profiles in the same samples. A total of 80 mature breast milk samples from 4 different countries were analyzed by Illumina sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region, joining the 18S and 5.8S regions of the fungal rRNA region. Basidiomycota and Ascomycota were found to be the dominant phyla, with Malassezia and Davidiella being the most prevalent genera across countries. A core formed by Malassezia, Davidiella, Sistotrema, and Penicillium was shared in the milk samples from the different origins, although specific shifts in mycobiome composition were associated with geographic location and delivery mode. The presence of fungi in the breast milk samples was further confirmed by culture and isolate characterization, and fungal loads were estimated by quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting the fungal ITS1 region. Cooccurrence network analysis of bacteria and fungi showed complex interactions that were influenced by geographical location, mode of delivery, maternal age, and pregestational body mass index. The presence of a breast milk mycobiome was confirmed in all samples analyzed, regardless of the geographic origin.IMPORTANCE During recent years, human breast milk has been documented as a potential source of bacteria for the newborn. Recently, we have reported the presence of fungi in breast milk from healthy mothers. It is well known that environmental and perinatal factors can affect milk bacteria; however, the impact on milk fungi is still unknown. The current report describes fungal communities (mycobiota) in breast milk samples across different geographic locations and the influence of the mode of delivery. We also provide novel insights on bacterium-fungus interactions, taking into account environmental and perinatal factors. We identified a core of four genera shared across locations, consisting of Malassezia, Davidiella, Sistotrema, and Penicillium, which have been reported to be present in the infant gut. Our data confirm the presence of fungi in breast milk across continents and support the potential role of breast milk in the initial seeding of fungal species in the infant gut.

Dataset Information

Breast Milk Microbiota Is Shaped by Mode of Delivery and Intrapartum Antibiotic Exposure.

Publications

Breast Milk Microbiota Is Shaped by Mode of Delivery and Intrapartum Antibiotic Exposure.

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