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Nutrient Deficiency Tolerance in Citrus Is Dependent on Genotype or Ploidy Level.

ABSTRACT: Plants require essential minerals for their growth and development that are mainly acquired from soil by their roots. Nutrient deficiency is an environmental stress that can seriously affect fruit production and quality. In citrus crops, rootstock/scion combinations are frequently employed to enhance tolerance to various abiotic stresses. These tolerances can be improved in doubled diploid genotypes. The aim of this work was to compare the impact of nutrient deficiency on the physiological and biochemical response of diploid (2x) and doubled diploid (4x) citrus seedlings: Volkamer lemon, Trifoliate orange × Cleopatra mandarin hybrid, Carrizo citrange, Citrumelo 4475. Flhorag1 (Poncirus trifoliata + and willow leaf mandarin), an allotetraploid somatic hybrid, was also included in this study. Our results showed that depending on the genotype, macronutrient and micronutrient deficiency affected certain physiological traits and oxidative metabolism differently. Tetraploid genotypes, mainly Flhorag1 and Citrumelo 4475, appeared resistant compared to the other genotypes as indicated by the lesser decrease in photosynthetic parameters (P _net, F _v/F _m, and G _s) and the lower accumulation of oxidative markers (MDA and H₂O₂) in roots and leaves, especially after long-term nutrient deficiency. Their higher tolerance to nutrient deficiency could be explained by better activation of their antioxidant system. For the other genotypes, tetraploidization did not induce greater tolerance to nutrient deficiency.

SUBMITTER: Oustric J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6396732 | biostudies-literature | 2019

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Nutrient deficiency, in particular when this involves a major macronutrient (N, P, and K), is a limiting factor on the performance of plants in their natural habitat and agricultural environment. In the citrus industry, one of the eco-friendliest techniques for improving tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress is based on the grafting of a rootstock and a scion of economic interest. Scion tolerance may be improved by a tetraploid rootstock. The purpose of this study was to highlight if tolerance of a common clementine scion (C) (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan) to nutrient deficiency could be improved by several diploid (2×) and their tetraploid (4×) counterparts citrus genotypes commonly used as rootstocks: Trifoliate orange × Cleopatra mandarin (C/PMC2x and C/PMC4x), Carrizo citrange (C/CC2x and C/CC4x), Citrumelo 4475 (C/CM2x and C/CM4x). The allotetraploid FlhorAG1 (C/FL4x) was also included in the experimental design. The impact of nutrient deficiency on these seven scion/rootstock combinations was evaluated at root and leaf levels by investigating anatomical parameters, photosynthetic properties and oxidative and antioxidant metabolism. Nutrient deficiency affects foliar tissues, physiological parameters and oxidative metabolism in leaves and roots in different ways depending on the rootstock genotype and ploidy level. The best known nutrient deficiency-tolerant common clementine scions were grafted with the doubled diploid Citrumelo 4475 (C/CM4x) and the allotetraploid FlhorAG1 (C/FL4x). These combinations were found to have less foliar damage, fewer changes of photosynthetic processes [leaf net photosynthetic rate (P net ), stomatal conductance (g s ), transpiration (E), maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (F v /F m ), electron transport rate (ETR), ETR/P net ], and effective quantum yield of PSII [Y(II)], less malondialdehyde accumulation in leaves and better functional enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems. Common clementine scions grafted on other 4× rootstocks did not show better tolerance than those grafted on their 2× counterparts. Chromosome doubling of rootstocks did not systematically improve the tolerance of the common clementine scion to nutrient deficiency.

Project description:Boron (B) is a crucial microelement for several biological processes in plants; however, it becomes hazardous when present in excess in the soil. B toxicity adversely affects the wheat yield all around the world, particularly in the arid and semiarid regions. Aegilops, the nearest wild wheat relatives, could be an efficient source to develop B toxicity tolerance in modern cultivars. However, to potentially utilize these species, it is necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms that are involved in providing them tolerance. Other than hampering cellular and physiological activities, high B inhibits the uptake of nutrients in wheat plants that lead to nutrients deficiency causing a hindered growth. Thus, it is crucial to determine the effect of B toxicity on nutrient uptake and finally, to understand the role of nutrient homeostasis in developing the adaptive mechanism in tolerant species. Unfortunately, none of the studies to date has explored the effect of high B supply on the nutrient uptake in B toxicity tolerant wild wheat species. In this study, we explored the effect of 1 mM B (toxic B), and 10 mM B (very toxic B) B on the nutrient uptake in 19 Aegilops genotypes differing in B tolerance in contrast to Bolal 2973, the familiar B tolerant genotype. The obtained outcomes suggested a significant association between the B toxicity tolerance and the level of nutrient uptake in different genotypes. The B toxicity tolerant genotypes, Ab2 (TGB 026219, A. biuncialis genotype) and Ac4 (TGB 000107, A. columnaris genotype) were clustered together in the nutrient homeostasis-based heat map. Though B toxicity mostly had an inhibitory effect on the uptake of nutrients in root-shoot tissues, the tolerant genotypes revealed an increase in nutrient uptake under B toxicity in contrast with Control. The study directs towards future research where the role of external supply of few nutrients in enhancing the B toxicity tolerance of susceptible genotypes can be studied. Moreover, the genotype-dependent variation in the nutrient profile of the studied Aegilops genotypes under high B suggested that increasing number of Aegilops germplasm should be screened for B toxicity tolerance for their successful inclusion in the pre-breeding programs focusing on this issue.

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Nutrient Deficiency Tolerance in Citrus Is Dependent on Genotype or Ploidy Level.

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