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Enhanced Properties of Biodegradable Poly(Propylene Carbonate)/Polyvinyl Formal Blends by Melting Compounding.

ABSTRACT: Polyvinyl formal (PVF) was first synthesized via the reaction of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and formaldehyde. The synthesized PVF exhibits a high decomposition temperature, glass transition temperature, and low melting point compared to pristine PVA. The synthesized PVF can be melt processed at temperatures much lower than PVA. Poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) and the as-made PVF were melt blended in a Haake mixer. The mechanical properties, thermal behaviors, and morphologies of PPC/PVF blends were investigated. Compared to the pure PPC, PPC/PVF blends show higher tensile strength and Vicat softening temperature. Thermogravimetric (TGA) result reveals that the thermal stabilities of PPC/PVF blends decreased with the increase of the content of PVF. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation indicates that the interfacial compatibility of the PVF and PPC matrix is better than that of the PVA and PPC matrix. The PPC/PVF blends show much better comprehensive properties compared to pure commercial PPC, which provides a practical way to extend the application of PPC copolymer.

SUBMITTER: Han D

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6403954 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Structure-Property Relationships of Poly(ethylene carbonate) and Poly(propylene carbonate).

Project description:Conformational characteristics of poly(ethylene carbonate) (PEC) and poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) have been revealed via molecular orbital (MO) calculations and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments on model compounds with the same bond sequences as those of the polycarbonates. Bond conformations derived from the MO calculations on the models were in exact agreement with those from the NMR experiments. Both PEC and PPC were indicated to adopt distorted conformations including a number of gauche bonds and cover themselves with negative charges, thus failing to form a regular packing and remaining amorphous. The MO data were applied to the refined rotational isomeric state (RIS) calculations to yield configurational properties such as the characteristic ratio, its temperature coefficient, the configurational entropy, and average geometrical parameters of unperturbed PEC and PPC chains. In the RIS calculations on PPC, the regio- and stereosequences were generated according to the Bernoulli trial or Markov stochastic process. In consequence, it was shown that the configurational properties of PPC do not depend significantly on its regio- and stereoregularities. The internal energy contribution to rubberlike chain elasticity, calculated from the temperature coefficient of the characteristic ratio, has indicated the possibility that PEC and PPC will behave as elastomers. The practical applications and potential utilizations of the polycarbonates are discussed on the basis of the conformational characteristics and configurational properties.

| S-EPMC6641952 | biostudies-literature

Transparent Polymer Blends of Poly(methyl methacrylate) and Poly(propylene glycol).

Project description:Polymer blends, obtained by polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of poly(propylene glycol), are investigated. Poly(propylene glycol) acts as a plasticizer, significantly lowering poly(methyl methacrylate)'s glass transition temperature and decreasing its elasticity modulus and yield stress. The mixture of methyl methacrylate with poly(propylene glycol) is more stable than its mixture with currently used poly(ethylene glycol), which leads to more uniform distribution and higher possible content of the plasticizer. Unlike low molecular weight plasticizers, poly(propylene glycol) is less prone to migration and exudation during manufacturing process and in use, and has low toxicity. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, compression testing and X-ray diffraction were used to investigate how the properties of the material depend on the content and molecular weight of the poly(propylene glycol) in the polymer blend. It was shown that the dependence of the glass transition temperature of methyl methacrylate polymerized in the presence of poly(propylene glycol) on the molar fraction of propylene glycol units is linear, and poly(propylene glycol) with lower molecular weight affects properties of the material stronger than poly(propylene glycol) with higher molecular weight. Therefore, the addition of poly(propylene glycol) allows to control the properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) easily and within wide range.

| S-EPMC9183039 | biostudies-literature

Enhanced Poly(Propylene Carbonate) with Thermoplastic Networks: A One-Pot Synthesis from Carbon Dioxide, Propylene Oxide, and a Carboxylic Dianhydride.

Project description:Thermally and mechanically enhanced poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) with networks was prepared by adding a cyclic carboxylic dianhydride, bicyclo(2,2,2)oct-7-ene-2,3,5,6-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTCDA), in the CO₂/propylene oxide (PO) copolymerization. The obtained copolymers were characterized by FT-IR, ¹H NMR, DSC, and TGA. The gel, melt flow rate, hot-set elongation, and tensile properties were also measured. The formation of networks was confirmed by the presence of gel and the shape recovery after the hot-set elongation test. The minimum permanent deformation of the copolymer is 3.8% and that of PPC is 4539% higher than this value. The results show that BTCDA units are inserted into the backbone of PPC, and the PPC chains are connected successfully owing to cyclic multifunctional anhydride groups in BTCDA. With increasing feed molar ratio of BTCDA to PO from 1 to 4%, the yield strength of copolymers increases from 18.1 to 37.4 MPa compared to 12.9 MPa of PPC. The 5% weight-loss degradation temperatures and maximum weight-loss degradation temperatures greatly increase up to 276.4 and 294.7 °C, respectively, which are 58.6 °C and 55.1 °C higher than those of PPC. These enhanced properties originate from the formation of crosslinks by the rigid and bulky multifunctional dianhydride.

| S-EPMC6415432 | biostudies-literature

Enhanced Poly(propylene carbonate) with Thermoplastic Networks: A Cross-Linking Role of Maleic Anhydride Oligomer in CO2/PO Copolymerization.

Project description:Cross-linking is an effective way to enhance biodegradable poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) from CO2 and propylene oxide (PO). Cross-linked PPC can be prepared by one-step terpolymerization of multifunctional third monomers with CO2 and PO. However, few such third monomers are available. Each molecule of maleic anhydride oligomer (MAO) contains more than two cyclic anhydride groups. Here, we use it to synthesize PPC with cross-linked networks by adding a small quantity of MAO (0.625-5 wt% of PO) in CO2/PO copolymerization that was catalyzed by zinc glutarate. The formation of networks in the prepared copolymers was confirmed by the presence of gel in copolymers combined Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), 1H NMR, and the improved mechanical properties. The 5% weight-loss degradation temperatures and maximum weight-loss degradation temperatures greatly increase up to 289.8 °C and 308.8 °C, respectively, which are remarkably high when compared to those of PPC. The minimum permanent deformation of the copolymers closes to 0, while that of PPC is 173%. The maximum tensile strength of the copolymers is 25.5 MPa higher than that of PPC, reaching 38.4 MPa, and it still has some toughness with the elongation at break of 25%. The above phenomena indicate that MAO that was inserted in PPC chains play a cross-linking role, which results in enhanced thermal stability, dimensional stability, and mechanical strength, comprehensively.

| S-EPMC6780336 | biostudies-literature

Biocompatible shape-memory poly(propylene carbonate)/silk fibroin blend with body temperature responsiveness.

Project description:The high value-added medical applications surely represent the leading edge of the shape-memory materials (SMPs) field. Herein, the biomedical SMPs were easily prepared via incorporating silk fibroin (SF) into poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) through directly melt blending. Based on the intrinsic glass transition of PPC at ∼37 °C, the blends showed a body temperature responsiveness without a complex procedure for adjusting the switching temperature. By varying the SF content, the blend exhibited tunable shape-memory effects (SME), with a first enhancing but then worsening shape recoverability and a stable and excellent shape fixity. And the blend with 3 wt% SF achieved the best SME, enabling an efficient shape reconfiguration under a 37 °C water bath. It was revealed that SF acted as physical cross-links to connect the PPC chains forming a shape-memory network, thus can well retard irreversible the chain slipping of PPC, leading to the improvement of recoverability. Moreover, the results obtained from cell compatibility testing showed the huge application potential of this material in the biomedical field. This work proposed a facile preparation strategy for developing biocompatible body heat actuated shape-memory materials.

| S-EPMC10134797 | biostudies-literature

Properties and Degradation Performances of Biodegradable Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Blends and Keratin Composites.

Project description:From environmental aspects, the recovery of keratin waste is one of the important needs and therefore also one of the current topics of many research groups. Here, the keratin hydrolysate after basic hydrolysis was used as a filler in plasticized polylactic acid/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) blend under loading in the range of 1-20 wt%. The composites were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, and the effect of keratin on changes in molar masses of matrices during processing was investigated using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Thermal properties of the composites were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The effect of keratin loading on the mechanical properties of composite was investigated by tensile test and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Hydrolytic degradation of matrices and composites was investigated by the determination of extractable product amounts, GPC, DSC and NMR. Finally, microbial growth and degradation were investigated. It was found that incorporation of keratin in plasticized PLA/PHB blend provides material with good thermal and mechanical properties and improved degradation under common environmental conditions, indicating its possible application in agriculture and/or packaging.

| S-EPMC8399615 | biostudies-literature

Exploring the Effect of Poly(propylene carbonate) Polyol in a Biobased Epoxy Interpenetrating Network.

Project description:Poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) polyol derived from carbon dioxide has been used to make a tough biobased interpenetrating polymer network (IPN). PPC polyol (10, 20, and 30 phr) was added to an epoxy/poly(furfuryl alcohol) IPN, and the effect of PPC polyol on the tensile modulus, tensile strength, tensile toughness, and notched Izod impact strength was determined. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was used to investigate the effect of PPC polyol on the glass-transition temperature. Loss area (LA) as a characteristic of IPN damping properties was evaluated using DMA. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to obtain more information on the morphology of IPNs on the micro- and nanoscale. It was found that the incorporation of PPC polyol improved the notched Izod impact strength and tensile toughness up to 190 and 220%, respectively. The damping factor peak was broadened with the addition of PPC polyol, and the glass-transition temperature was decreased as the amount of PPC polyol increased. The IPN with 20 phr PPC polyol exhibited better damping properties than neat epoxy and the epoxy/PFA IPN. SEM and AFM images revealed that PPC polyol domains were dispersed in the epoxy phase with an average diameter of around 280 nm.

| S-EPMC6641153 | biostudies-literature

New Biodegradable Poly(l-lactide)-Block-Poly(propylene adipate) Copolymer Microparticles for Long-Acting Injectables of Naltrexone Drug.

Project description:In the present study, novel block copolymers of poly(l-lactide)-block-poly(propylene adipate) (PLLA-b-PPAd) were synthesized in two ratios, 90/10 and 75/25 w/w and were further investigated as long-acting injectable (LAI) polymeric matrices in naltrexone base microparticle formulations. The synthesized polymers were characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FTIR, XRD, TGA and DSC. NMR and FTIR spectroscopies confirmed the successful synthesis of copolymers while DSC showed that these are block copolymers with well-defined and separated blocks. Microparticles were prepared by single emulsification method and were further characterized. Nanoparticles in the range of 0.4-4.5 ?m were prepared as indicated by SEM, with copolymers giving the lowest particle size. By XRD and DSC it was found that naltrexone was present in the amorphous state in its microparticles. Dissolution study showed a drug release extending over seven days, indicating that these novel PLLA-b-PPAd copolymers could be promising matrices for naltrexone's LAI formulations. It was evidenced that drug release depended on the copolymer composition. Model release studies showed that drug release is controlled by diffusion.

| S-EPMC7240759 | biostudies-literature

Toughening of Biodegradable Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)/Poly(ε-caprolactone) Blends by In Situ Reactive Compatibilization.

Project description:Reactive extrusion of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)/poly(ε-caprolactone) (PHBV/PCL) blends was performed in the presence of cross-linker 1,3,5-tri-2-propenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (TAIC) and peroxide. The compatibility between the two biodegradable polymers was significantly improved only when TAIC and peroxide work together, as evidenced by the decreased PCL particle size and blurred interfacial gap between the PHBV and PCL. The mechanical, thermal, morphological, and rheological properties of the compatibilized blends were studied and compared to the blends without TAIC and peroxide. At the optimal TAIC content (1 phr), the elongation at break of the compatibilized blends was 380% that of the PHBV/PCL blend without any additives and 700% that of neat PHBV. The improved interfacial compatibility, decreased PCL particle size, and uniform PHBV crystals are all factors that contribute to improving the toughness of the blend. Through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and rheological studies, the reaction mechanism is discussed. The study shows that PHBV and PCL are cross-linked by TAIC, resulting in the formation of a PHBV-PCL co-polymer, which improves the compatibility of the blend. The biodegradable polymer blends with high crystallinity and improved toughness prepared in this study are proposed to be used in sustainable packaging or other applications.

| S-EPMC7330898 | biostudies-literature

Properties of Biodegradable Films Based on Poly(butylene Succinate) (PBS) and Poly(butylene Adipate-co-Terephthalate) (PBAT) Blends †,‡.

Project description:Compression molded biodegradable films based on poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) at varying weights were prepared, and their relevant properties for packaging applications are here reported. The melt rheology of the blends was first studied, and the binary PBS/PBAT blends exhibited marked shear thinning and complex thermoreological behavior, due to the formation of a co-continuous morphology in the 50 wt% blend. The films were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), mechanical tensile tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and oxygen and water vapor permeability. PBS crystallization was inhibited in the blends with higher contents of PBAT, and FTIR and SEM analysis suggested that limited interactions occur between the two polymer phases. The films showed increasing stiffness as the PBS percentage increased; further, a sharp decrease in elongation at break was noticed for the films containing percentages of PBS greater than 25 wt%. Gas permeability decreased with increasing PBS content, indicating that the barrier properties of PBS can be tuned by blending with PBAT. The results obtained point out that the blend containing 25 wt% PBS is a good compromise between elastic modulus (135 MPa) and deformation at break (390%) values. Overall, PBS/PBAT blends represent an alternative for packaging films, as they combine biodegradability, good barrier properties and reasonable mechanical behavior.

| S-EPMC7600530 | biostudies-literature

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