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Lateral transfers of large DNA fragments spread functional genes among grasses.

ABSTRACT: A fundamental tenet of multicellular eukaryotic evolution is that vertical inheritance is paramount, with natural selection acting on genetic variants transferred from parents to offspring. This lineal process means that an organism's adaptive potential can be restricted by its evolutionary history, the amount of standing genetic variation, and its mutation rate. Lateral gene transfer (LGT) theoretically provides a mechanism to bypass many of these limitations, but the evolutionary importance and frequency of this process in multicellular eukaryotes, such as plants, remains debated. We address this issue by assembling a chromosome-level genome for the grass Alloteropsis semialata, a species surmised to exhibit two LGTs, and screen it for other grass-to-grass LGTs using genomic data from 146 other grass species. Through stringent phylogenomic analyses, we discovered 57 additional LGTs in the A. semialata nuclear genome, involving at least nine different donor species. The LGTs are clustered in 23 laterally acquired genomic fragments that are up to 170 kb long and have accumulated during the diversification of Alloteropsis. The majority of the 59 LGTs in A. semialata are expressed, and we show that they have added functions to the recipient genome. Functional LGTs were further detected in the genomes of five other grass species, demonstrating that this process is likely widespread in this globally important group of plants. LGT therefore appears to represent a potent evolutionary force capable of spreading functional genes among distantly related grass species.

SUBMITTER: Dunning LT

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6410850 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Lateral transfers of large DNA fragments spread functional genes among grasses.

Dunning Luke T LT Olofsson Jill K JK Parisod Christian C Choudhury Rimjhim Roy RR Moreno-Villena Jose J JJ Yang Yang Y Dionora Jacqueline J Quick W Paul WP Park Minkyu M Bennetzen Jeffrey L JL Besnard Guillaume G Nosil Patrik P Osborne Colin P CP Christin Pascal-Antoine PA

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 20190220 10

A fundamental tenet of multicellular eukaryotic evolution is that vertical inheritance is paramount, with natural selection acting on genetic variants transferred from parents to offspring. This lineal process means that an organism's adaptive potential can be restricted by its evolutionary history, the amount of standing genetic variation, and its mutation rate. Lateral gene transfer (LGT) theoretically provides a mechanism to bypass many of these limitations, but the evolutionary importance an ...[more]

PMID: 30787193

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Project description:Lateral gene transfer affects the evolutionary path of key genes involved in ancient metabolic traits, such as sulfate respiration, even more than previously expected. In this study, the phylogeny of the adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (APS) reductase was analyzed. APS reductase is a key enzyme in sulfate respiration present in all sulfate-respiring prokaryotes. A newly developed PCR assay was used to amplify and sequence a fragment ( approximately 900 bp) of the APS reductase gene, apsA, from a taxonomically wide range of sulfate-reducing prokaryotes (n = 60). Comparative phylogenetic analysis of all obtained and available ApsA sequences indicated a high degree of sequence conservation in the region analyzed. However, a comparison of ApsA- and 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic trees revealed topological incongruences affecting seven members of the Syntrophobacteraceae and three members of the Nitrospinaceae, which were clearly monophyletic with gram-positive sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). In addition, Thermodesulfovibrio islandicus and Thermodesulfobacterium thermophilum, Thermodesulfobacterium commune, and Thermodesulfobacterium hveragerdense clearly branched off between the radiation of the delta-proteobacterial gram-negative SRB and the gram-positive SRB and not close to the root of the tree as expected from 16S rRNA phylogeny. The most parsimonious explanation for these discrepancies in tree topologies is lateral transfer of apsA genes across bacterial divisions. Similar patterns of insertions and deletions in ApsA sequences of donor and recipient lineages provide additional evidence for lateral gene transfer. From a subset of reference strains (n = 25), a fragment of the dissimilatory sulfite reductase genes (dsrAB), which have recently been proposed to have undergone multiple lateral gene transfers (M. Klein et al., J. Bacteriol. 183:6028-6035, 2001), was also amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic comparison of DsrAB- and ApsA-based trees suggests a frequent involvement of gram-positive and thermophilic SRB in lateral gene transfer events among SRB.

Project description:Many mitochondrial genes, especially ribosomal protein genes, have been frequently transferred as functional entities to the nucleus during plant evolution, often by an RNA-mediated process. A notable case of transfer involves the rps14 gene of three grasses (rice, maize, and wheat), which has been relocated to the intron of the nuclear sdh2 gene and which is expressed and targeted to the mitochondrion via alternative splicing and usage of the sdh2 targeting peptide. Although this transfer occurred at least 50 million years ago, i.e., in a common ancestor of these three grasses, it is striking that expressed, nearly intact pseudogenes of rps14 are retained in the mitochondrial genomes of both rice and wheat. To determine how ancient this transfer is, the extent to which mitochondrial rps14 has been retained and is expressed in grasses, and whether other transfers of rps14 have occurred in grasses and their relatives, we investigated the structure, expression, and phylogeny of mitochondrial and nuclear rps14 genes from 32 additional genera of grasses and from 9 other members of the Poales.Filter hybridization experiments showed that rps14 sequences are present in the mitochondrial genomes of all examined Poales except for members of the grass subfamily Panicoideae (to which maize belongs). However, PCR amplification and sequencing revealed that the mitochondrial rps14 genes of all examined grasses (Poaceae), Cyperaceae, and Joinvilleaceae are pseudogenes, with all those from the Poaceae sharing two 4-NT frameshift deletions and all those from the Cyperaceae sharing a 5-NT insertion (only one member of the Joinvilleaceae was examined). cDNA analysis showed that all mitochondrial pseudogenes examined (from all three families) are transcribed, that most are RNA edited, and that surprisingly many of the edits are reverse (U-->C) edits. Putatively nuclear copies of rps14 were isolated from one to several members of each of these three Poales families. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that the nuclear genes are probably the products of three independent transfers.The rps14 gene has, most likely, been functionally transferred from the mitochondrion to the nucleus at least three times during the evolution of the Poales. The transfers in Cyperaceae and Poaceae are relatively ancient, occurring in the common ancestor of each family, roughly 80 million years ago, whereas the putative Joinvilleaceae transfer may be the most recent case of functional organelle-to-nucleus transfer yet described in any organism. Remarkably, nearly intact and expressed pseudogenes of rps14 have persisted in the mitochondrial genomes of most lineages of Poaceae and Cyperaceae despite the antiquity of the transfers and of the frameshift and RNA editing mutations that mark the mitochondrial genes as pseudogenes. Such long-term, nearly pervasive survival of expressed, apparent pseudogenes is to our knowledge unparalleled in any genome. Such survival probably reflects a combination of factors, including the short length of rps14, its location immediately downstream of rpl5 in most plants, and low rates of nucleotide substitutions and indels in plant mitochondrial DNAs. Their survival also raises the possibility that these rps14 sequences may not actually be pseudogenes despite their appearance as such. Overall, these findings indicate that intracellular gene transfer may occur even more frequently in angiosperms than already recognized and that pseudogenes in plant mitochondrial genomes can be surprisingly resistant to forces that lead to gene loss and inactivation.

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Lateral transfers of large DNA fragments spread functional genes among grasses.

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Lateral transfers of large DNA fragments spread functional genes among grasses.

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