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Prescription Opioid Quality Measures Applied Among Pennsylvania Medicaid Enrollees.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:The Pharmacy Quality Alliance (PQA) recently developed 3 quality measures for prescribing opioids: high dosages, multiple providers and pharmacies, and concurrent use of opioids and benzodiazepines. OBJECTIVE:To examine the prevalence of the PQA measures and identify the patient demographic and health characteristics associated with the measures. METHODS:We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using Pennsylvania Medicaid data (2013-2015). We limited our analyses to noncancer patients who were aged 18-64 years and not dual-eligible for Medicare/Medicaid. Per PQA specifications, patients were required to possess ? 2 opioid prescriptions for ? 15 days annual supply each year. Outcome measures included (a) high dosages, defined as > 120 morphine milligram equivalents for ? 90 consecutive days; (b) multiple providers/pharmacies, defined as receiving opioid prescriptions from ? 4 providers and ? 4 pharmacies; and (c) concurrent use of opioids and benzodiazepines, defined as ? 30 cumulative days of overlapping opioids and benzodiazepines among individuals having ? 2 opioid and ? 2 benzodiazepine fills. Patient characteristics assessed included demographics; other medication use; and physical, mental, and behavioral health comorbidities. We present descriptive and multivariable statistical analyses of the data to describe trends in quality measure prevalence and associations with enrollee health characteristics. RESULTS:Numbers of enrollees meeting inclusion criteria ranged from 73,082 in 2013 to 85,710 in 2015. From 2013 to 2015, high dosage prevalence increased from 5.1% to 5.5%; the use of multiple providers/pharmacies decreased from 7.1% to 5.0%; and concurrent use of opioids and benzodiazepines decreased from 29.1% to 28.4% (all P < 0.05). A substantial portion of patients with > 1 PQA measure from 2013 to 2015 was eligible for Medicaid because of disability (41.8%-81.9%). Enrollees with opioid use disorder were more likely to have high dosages (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.83-2.21). Enrollees with anxiety and mood disorders were more likely to have multiple providers/pharmacies (anxiety: AOR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.43-1.65; mood: AOR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.06-1.25) and concurrent use of opioids and benzodiazepines (anxiety: AOR = 3.50, 95% CI = 3.38-3.63; mood: AOR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.36-1.48). CONCLUSIONS:Given high levels of eligibility based on disability and the prevalence of mood, anxiety, and opioid use disorders among those identified by the quality measures, providers may require additional support to care for this patient population. DISCLOSURES:This project was supported by a grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and was also supported by an intergovernmental agreement between the Pennsylvania Department of Human Services and the University of Pittsburgh. Lo-Ciganic was supported by the University of Arizona Health Sciences Career Development Award. The other authors have nothing to disclose. The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this article do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. A portion of these results was presented at the Association for Medical Education and Research in Substance Abuse 41st National Conference; November 2-4, 2017; Washington, DC.

SUBMITTER: Cochran G

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6418411 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Prescription Opioid Quality Measures Applied Among Pennsylvania Medicaid Enrollees.

Cochran Gerald G Lo-Ciganic Wei-Hsuan WH Gellad Walid F WF Gordon Adam J AJ Cole Evan E Lobo Carroline C Frazier Winfred W Zheng Ping P Chang Chung-Chou H CH Kelley David D Donohue Julie M JM

Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy 20180901 9

<h4>Background</h4>The Pharmacy Quality Alliance (PQA) recently developed 3 quality measures for prescribing opioids: high dosages, multiple providers and pharmacies, and concurrent use of opioids and benzodiazepines.<h4>Objective</h4>To examine the prevalence of the PQA measures and identify the patient demographic and health characteristics associated with the measures.<h4>Methods</h4>We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using Pennsylvania Medicaid data (2013-2015). We limited our analyses ...[more]

PMID: 30156454

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Project description:ImportanceExpanding treatment for opioid addiction has been recognized as an essential component of a comprehensive national response to the opioid epidemic. The Drug Addiction Treatment Act and its amendments attempted to improve access to treatment by involving office-based physicians in the provision of buprenorphine treatment.ObjectivesTo estimate the association of availability of buprenorphine-waivered physicians with buprenorphine treatment use and, secondarily, with prescription opioid use among Medicaid enrollees.Design, setting, and participantsThis economic evaluation study used state-level panel data analysis to estimate the association between the number of buprenorphine-waivered physicians and the Medicaid-covered buprenorphine prescribing rate and opioid prescribing rate among Medicaid fee-for-service and managed care enrollees throughout the United States between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2016.Main outcomes and measuresBuprenorphine prescribing rate and opioid prescribing rate, measured as the number of buprenorphine prescriptions and opioid prescriptions covered by Medicaid on a quarterly basis per 1000 enrollees.ResultsThe sample included 1059 quarterly observations. Two additional 100-patient-waivered physicians per 1 000 000 residents (approximately a 10% increase) were associated with an increase in the quarterly number of Medicaid-covered buprenorphine prescriptions of 0.46 (95% CI, 0.24-0.67) per 1000 enrollees and a reduction in the quarterly number of opioid prescriptions of 1.01 (95% CI, -1.87 to -0.15) per 1000 enrollees. Furthermore, 5 additional 30-patient-waivered physicians per 1 000 000 residents (approximately a 10% increase) were associated with an increase in the quarterly number of Medicaid-covered buprenorphine prescriptions of 0.37 (95% CI, 0.22-0.52) per 1000 enrollees and a reduction in the quarterly number of opioid prescriptions of 0.96 (95% CI, -1.85 to -0.07) per 1000 enrollees. A 10% increase in the number of buprenorphine-waivered physicians was associated with an approximately 10% increase in the Medicaid-covered buprenorphine prescribing rate and a 1.2% reduction in the opioid prescribing rate.Conclusions and relevanceExpanding capacity for buprenorphine treatment holds the potential to improve access to opioid addiction treatment, which may further reduce prescription opioid use and slow the ongoing opioid epidemic in the United States.

Project description:BackgroundIn the past two decades, the U.S. saw an alarmingly increasing trend of benzodiazepine prescribing. Mandatory use of Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs) was suggested to have the potential to reduce opioid prescribing, but little is known about its impacts on benzodiazepines. This study examined whether PDMP data use mandates were associated with changes in benzodiazepine prescribing in the U.S. Methods: Aggregate state quarterly prescription drug records of benzodiazepines for Medicaid enrollees during 2010-2017 were obtained from the U.S. Medicaid State Drug Utilization Data. Three population-adjusted outcome variables were evaluated, including quantity, dosage, and Medicaid spending of benzodiazepine prescriptions per quarter per 100 Medicaid enrollees. The primary policy variable was the state-wide implementation of PDMP data use mandates for benzodiazepines. To account for between-state variations in mandates, an additional policy variable was considered to indicate strong mandates on PDMP data use, which required all prescribers to query a patient's PDMP records for first prescribing and subsequent prescribing at least every 12 months. Linear regressions with difference-in-difference approach were used to assess the associations between PDMP data use mandates and benzodiazepine prescribing, controlling for state-level time-varying policy and socioeconomic covariates. Results: The state-wide implementation of PDMP data use mandates for benzodiazepines was not associated with quantity, dosage, or Medicaid spending of benzodiazepine prescriptions. Strong mandates on PDMP data use were not associated with any benzodiazepine prescribing outcomes, either. Conclusions: There was no evidence for the associations between PDMP data use mandates for benzodiazepines and changes in benzodiazepine prescribing among Medicaid enrollees. Future research is warranted to replicate the study in other populations using individual patient records and continuously monitor the trends in benzodiazepine prescribing in association with PDMPs.

Project description:BACKGROUND AND AIMS:While the United States has been experiencing an opioid epidemic, 29 states and Washington DC have legalized cannabis for medical use. This study examined whether state-wide medical cannabis legalization was associated with reduction in opioids received by Medicaid enrollees. DESIGN:Secondary data analysis of state-level opioid prescription records from 1993-2014 Medicaid State Drug Utilization Data. Linear time-series regressions assessed the associations between medical cannabis legalization and opioid prescriptions, controlling for state-level time-varying policy covariates (such as prescription drug monitoring programs) and socio-economic covariates (such as income). SETTING:United States. PARTICIPANTS:Drug prescription records for patients enrolled in fee-for-service Medicaid programs that primarily provide health-care coverage to low-income and disabled people. MEASUREMENTS:The primary outcomes were population-adjusted number, dosage and Medicaid spending on opioid prescriptions. Outcomes for Schedule II opioids (e.g. hydrocodone, oxycodone) and Schedule III opioids (e.g. codeine) were analyzed separately. The primary policy variable of interest was the implementation of state-wide medical cannabis legalization. FINDINGS:For Schedule III opioid prescriptions, medical cannabis legalization was associated with a 29.6% (P = 0.03) reduction in number of prescriptions, 29.9% (P = 0.02) reduction in dosage and 28.8% (P = 0.04) reduction in related Medicaid spending. No evidence was found to support the associations between medical cannabis legalization and Schedule II opioid prescriptions. Permitting medical cannabis dispensaries was not associated with Schedule II or Schedule III opioid prescriptions after controlling for medical cannabis legalization. It was estimated that, if all the states had legalized medical cannabis by 2014, Medicaid annual spending on opioid prescriptions would be reduced by 17.8 million dollars. CONCLUSION:State-wide medical cannabis legalization appears to have been associated with reductions in both prescriptions and dosages of Schedule III (but not Schedule II) opioids received by Medicaid enrollees in the United States.

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Prescription Opioid Quality Measures Applied Among Pennsylvania Medicaid Enrollees.

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Prescription Opioid Quality Measures Applied Among Pennsylvania Medicaid Enrollees.

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