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Comparison of volatile compositions of 15 different varieties of Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.).

ABSTRACT: Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) extract has been commonly used as a flavoring ingredient due to its unique aroma. In this study, solid phase micro extraction method was used to extract the volatile compounds in fresh jujube, with the aid of GC-MS for further chemical separation and identification. As a result, 33 volatile compounds, including aldehydes, alcohols, acids, ketones and esters, were identified. Among them, hexanal (276.5-1314 ?g/100 g FW), (E)-2-hexanal, (145.1-1876 ?g/100 g FW), nonanal (188.2-1047 ?g/100 g FW), and n-decanoic acid (58.42-1268 ?g/100 g FW) were found to be the major volatile compounds in fresh jujube fruit. Based on the type and amounts of the volatile compounds, 15 Chinese jujube cultivars were divided into 5 clusters through hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). Fiver clusters include cluster 1 (LB, HP, LZ, NP, JS, PZ, and YL), cluster 2 (BJ, DB), cluster 3 (PB, BZ, JD and XZ), cluster 4 (JB) and cluster 5 (YZ). According to the PCA, the clusters 1, 2 and 3 could not be discriminated from each other, but clusters 4 and 5 could be separated very well from each other.

SUBMITTER: Wang L

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6423268 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Comparison of volatile compositions of 15 different varieties of Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.).

Wang Lina L Wang Yaqi Y Wang Weizheng W Zheng Fuping F Chen Feng F

Journal of food science and technology 20190301 3

Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) extract has been commonly used as a flavoring ingredient due to its unique aroma. In this study, solid phase micro extraction method was used to extract the volatile compounds in fresh jujube, with the aid of GC-MS for further chemical separation and identification. As a result, 33 volatile compounds, including aldehydes, alcohols, acids, ketones and esters, were identified. Among them, hexanal (276.5-1314 μg/100 g FW), (E)-2-hexanal, (145.1-1876 μg/1 ...[more]

PMID: 30956344

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Project description:BackgroundAmong several TF families unique to eukaryotes, the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) family is one of the most important. Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is a popular fruit tree species in Asia, and its fruits are rich in sugar, vitamin C and so on. Analysis of the bZIP gene family of jujube has not yet been reported. In this study, ZjbZIPs were identified firstly, their expression patterns were further studied in different tissues and in response to various abiotic and phytoplasma stresses, and their protein-protein interactions were also analyzed.ResultsAt the whole genome level, 45 ZjbZIPs were identified and classified into 14 classes. The members of each class of bZIP subfamily contain a specific conserved domain in addition to the core bZIP conserved domain, which may be related to its biological function. Relative Synonymous Codon Usage (RSCU) analysis displayed low values of NTA and NCG codons in ZjbZIPs, which would be beneficial to increase the protein production and also indicated that ZjbZIPs were at a relative high methylation level. The paralogous and orthologous events occurred during the evolutionary process of ZjbZIPs. Thirty-four ZjbZIPs were mapped to but not evenly distributed among 10 pseudo- chromosomes. 30 of ZjbZIP genes showed diverse tissue-specific expression in jujube and wild jujube trees, indicating that these genes may have multiple functions. Some ZjbZIP genes were specifically analyzed and found to play important roles in the early stage of fruit development. Moreover, some ZjbZIPs that respond to phytoplasma invasion and abiotic stress environmental conditions, such as salt and low temperature, were found. Based on homology comparisons, prediction analysis and yeast two-hybrid, a protein interaction network including 42 ZjbZIPs was constructed.ConclusionsThe bioinformatics analyses of 45 ZjbZIPs were implemented systematically, and their expression profiles in jujube and wild jujube showed that many genes might play crucial roles during fruit ripening and in the response to phytoplasma and abiotic stresses. The protein interaction networks among ZjbZIPs could provide useful information for further functional studies.

Project description:BackgroundChinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is one of the most important members in the Rhamnaceae family. The whole genome sequence and more than 30,000 proteins of Chinese jujube have been obtained in 2014. Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades are universal signal transduction modules in plants, which is rapidly activated under various biotic and abiotic stresses. To date, there has been no comprehensive analysis of the MAPK and MAPKK gene family in Chinese jujube at the whole genome level.ResultsBy performing a series of bioinformatics analysis, ten MAPK and five MAPKK genes were identified from the genome database of Chinese jujube, and then compared with the homologous genes from Arabidopsis. Phylogenetic analysis showed that ZjMAPKs was classified into four known groups, including A, B, C and D. ZjMAPKs contains five members of the TEY phosphorylation site and five members with the TDY motif. The ZjMAPKK family was subsequently divided into three groups, A, B and D. The gene structure, conserved motifs, functional annotation and chromosome distribution of ZjMAPKs and ZjMAPKKs were also predicted. ZjMAPKs and ZjMAPKKs were distributed on nine pseudo-chromosomes of Chinese jujube. Subsequently, expression analysis of ZjMAPK and ZjMAPKK genes using reverse transcription PCR and quantitative real-time PCR was carried out. The majority of ZjMAPK and ZjMAPKK genes were expressed in all tested organs/tissues with considerable differences in transcript levels indicating that they might be constitutively expressed. Moreover, ZjMKK5 was specific expressed in early development stage of jujube flower bud, indicating it plays some roles in reproductive organs development. The transcript expression of most ZjMAPK and ZjMAPKK genes was down-regulated in response to plant growth regulators, darkness treatment and phytoplasma infection.ConclusionsWe identified ten ZjMAPK and five ZjMAPKK genes from the genome database of Chinese jujube, the research results shown that ZjMPKs and ZjMKKs have the different expression patterns, indicating that they might play different roles in response to various treatments. The results provide valuable information for the further elucidation of physiological functions and biological roles of jujube MAPKs and MAPKKs.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play vital roles in signal transduction in response to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. In a previous study, we identified ten ZjMAPKs and five ZjMAPKKs in the Chinese jujube genome. We found that some members of ZjMAPKs and ZjMAPKKs may play key roles in the plant's response to phytoplasma infection. However, how these ZjMAPKKs are modulated by ZjMAPKKKs during the response process has not been elucidated. Little information is available regarding MAPKKKs in Chinese jujube. RESULTS:A total of 56 ZjMAPKKKs were identified in the jujube genome. All of these kinases contain the key S-TKc (serine/threonine protein kinase) domain, which is distributed among all 12 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analyses show that these ZjMAPKKKs can be classified into two subfamilies. Specifically, 41 ZjMAPKKKs belong to the Raf subfamily, and 15 belong to the MEKK subfamily. In addition, the ZjMAPKKKs in each subfamily share the same conserved motifs and gene structures. Only one pair of ZjMAPKKKs (15/16, on chromosome 5) was found to be tandemly duplicated. Using qPCR, the expression profiles of these MAPKKKs were investigated in response to infection with phytoplasma. In the three main infected tissues (witches' broom leaves, phyllody leaves, and apparently normal leaves), ZjMAPKKK26 and - 45 were significantly upregulated, and ZjMAPKKK3, - 43 and - 50 were significantly downregulated. ZjMAPKKK4, - 10, - 25 and - 44 were significantly and highly induced in sterile cultivated tissues infected by phytoplasma, while ZjMAPKKK6, - 7, - 17, - 18, - 30, - 34, - 35, - 37, - 40, - 41, - 43, - 46, - 52 and - 53 were significantly downregulated. CONCLUSIONS:For the first time, we present an identification and classification analysis of ZjMAPKKKs. Some ZjMAPKKK genes may play key roles in the response to phytoplasma infection. This study provides an initial understanding of the mechanisms through which ZjMAPKKKs are involved in the response of Chinese jujube to phytoplasma infection.

Dataset Information

Comparison of volatile compositions of 15 different varieties of Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.).

Publications

Comparison of volatile compositions of 15 different varieties of Chinese jujube (<i>Ziziphus jujuba</i> Mill.).

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