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An aquaporin mediates cell shape change required for cellular immunity in the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua.

ABSTRACT: Cellular immunity in insects is accompanied by change in hemocyte shape. This study hypothesizes that cytoskeletal rearrangement is accompanied by transmembrane water transport to change cell volume, thus changing cell shape. A water-transporting pore (=aquaporin:AQP) has been identified in the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. Its expression was detected in all developmental stages and tissues, although its transcription levels were different between biotic and abiotic conditions. Heterologous expression of Se-AQP in Sf9 cells showed that Se-AQP was localized on cell membrane. RNA interference (RNAi) using double-stranded RNA effectively suppressed its transcript levels. Under different ionic concentrations, hemocytes of RNAi-treated larvae did not change cell volume presumably due to malfunction in water transportation. Se-AQP might participate in glycerol transport because up-regulation of hemolymph glycerol titer after rapid cold-hardening was prevented by RNAi treatment against Se-AQP expression. The inhibitory effect of RNAi treatment on change of cell shape significantly impaired cellular immune responses such as phagocytosis and nodule formation upon bacterial challenge. RNAi treatment also significantly interfered with immature development of S. exigua. These results indicate that Se-AQP plays a crucial role in cell shape change that is required for cellular immunity and other physiological processes.

SUBMITTER: Ahmed S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6428837 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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An aquaporin mediates cell shape change required for cellular immunity in the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua.

Ahmed Shabbir S Kim Yonggyun Y

Scientific reports 20190321 1

Cellular immunity in insects is accompanied by change in hemocyte shape. This study hypothesizes that cytoskeletal rearrangement is accompanied by transmembrane water transport to change cell volume, thus changing cell shape. A water-transporting pore (=aquaporin:AQP) has been identified in the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. Its expression was detected in all developmental stages and tissues, although its transcription levels were different between biotic and abiotic conditions. Heterologous ...[more]

PMID: 30899076

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Project description:BACKGROUND:To understand the genetic mechanisms of insect herbivory, the transcriptional response of insects feeding on different host plant species has to be studied. Here, we generated gene expression data of the generalist herbivore Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) feeding on three selected host plant species and a control (artificial diet). The host plant species used in this study -cabbage (Brassica oleracea), maize (Zea mays) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)- are members of different plant families that each employ specific defence mechanisms and toxins. RESULTS:Spodoptera exigua larvae had a higher growth rate, indicator for herbivore success, when feeding on Z. mays compared to larvae feeding on B. oleracea or N. tabacum. Larvae feeding on the different host plant species showed divergent transcriptional responses. We identified shared and unique gene expression patterns dependent of the host plant species the larvae fed on. Unique gene expression patterns, containing uniquely upregulated transcripts including specific detoxification genes, were found for larvae feeding on either B. oleracea or N. tabacum. No diet-specific gene cluster was identified for larvae feeding on the host for which larvae showed optimal herbivore success, Z. mays, or artificial diet. In contrast, for larvae feeding on hosts for which they showed low herbivore success, specific diet-dependent gene clusters were identified. Functional annotation of these clusters indicates that S. exigua larvae deploy particular host plant-specific genes for digestion and detoxification. CONCLUSIONS:The lack of a host plant-specific gene activity for larvae feeding on Z. mays and the artificial diet suggest a general and non-specific gene activity for host plants with optimal herbivore success. Whereas the finding of specific gene clusters containing particular digestion and detoxifying genes expressed in larvae feeding on B. oleracea and N. tabacum, with low herbivore success, imply a host plant-specific gene activity for larvae feeding on host plants with suboptimal herbivore success. This observation leads to the conclusion that a polyphagous herbivore is able to feed on a large variation of host plants due to the flexibility and diversity of genes involved in digestion and detoxification that are deployed in response to particular host plant species.

Project description:The beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), is a serious pest worldwide that causes significant losses in crops. Unfortunately, genetic resources for the beet armyworm is extremely scarce. To improve these resources we sequenced the transcriptome of S. exigua representing all stages including eggs, 1(st) to 5(th) instar larvae, pupae, male and female adults using the Illumina Solexa platform. We assembled the transcriptome with Trinity that yielded 31,414 contigs. Of these contigs, 18,592 were annotated as protein coding genes by Blast searches against the NCBI nr database. It has been shown that knockdown of important insect genes by dsRNAs or siRNAs is a feasible mechanism to control insect pests. The first key step towards developing an efficient RNAi-mediated pest control technique is to find suitable target genes. To screen for effective target genes in the beet armyworm, we selected nine candidate genes. The sequences of these genes were amplified using the RACE strategy. Then, siRNAs were designed and chemically synthesized. We injected 2 µl siRNA (2 µg/µl) into the 4(th) instar larvae to knock down the respective target genes. The mRNA abundance of target genes decreased to different levels (?20-94.3%) after injection of siRNAs. Knockdown of eight genes including chitinase7, PGCP, chitinase1, ATPase, tubulin1, arf2, tubulin2 and arf1 caused a significantly high level of mortality compared to the negative control (P<0.05). About 80% of the surviving insects in the siRNA-treated group of five genes (PGCP, chitinase1, tubulin1, tubulin2 and helicase) showed retarded development. In chitinase1-siRNA and chitinase7-siRNA administered groups, 12.5% survivors exhibited "half-ecdysis". In arf1-siRNA and arf2-siRNA groups, the body color of 15% became black 48 h after injections. In summary, the transcriptome could be a valuable genetic resource for identification of genes in S. exigua and this study provided putative targets for RNAi pest control.

Project description:BackgroundIn insects, hemocyanin superfamily proteins accumulate apparently to serve as sources of amino acids during metamorphosis, reproduction and development. Storage hexamerins are important members of the hemocyanin superfamily. Although insects possess storage hexamerins, very little is known about the character and specific functions of hexamerin 1 and storage protein 1 in insect development.ResultsTo gain insight into the function of storage proteins in insects, cDNAs for two storage proteins were cloned from the fat body of Spodoptera exigua. S. exigua hexamerin 1 (SeHex) cDNA contained an open reading frame of 2124 nucleotides encoding a protein of 707 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 82.12 kDa. S. exigua storage protein 1 (SeSP1) cDNA contained an open reading frame of 2256 bp encoding a protein of 751 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of ~88.84 kDa. Northern blotting analyses revealed that SeHex mRNA is expressed in the fat body, cuticle, midgut and Malpighian tubules and SeSP1 in fat body, Malpighian tubules and tracheae. SeHex and SeSP1 mRNAs were expressed in fat body at different levels from first instar larvae to pupae, with expression was much lower from first instar larvae to first-day fifth instar larvae. SeHex transcript expression was high in fat body of wandering larvae (pre-pupae) and steadily decreased to the seventh pupal day. SeSP1 transcript expression was high in fat body of wandering larvae, 2-day-old fifth instar larvae and 2-, 4- and 7-day-old pupae. SeHex and SeSP1 mRNAs levels were expressed lower than control on the condition of starvation at 12 h. Of insects injected with SeHex and SeSP1 dsRNA, 38.7% and 24.3% survived to 204 h after treatment, respectively. This was significantly lower than in the controls groups.ConclusionsThese findings provide new data on the tissue distribution, expression patterns and the function in starvation of storage proteins. RNA interference results revealed that storage protein genes are key in metamorphosis, reproduction and insect development. The results for SeHex and SeSP1 interference reveal that a potential method to control this pest is to disrupt the regulation of storage proteins.

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An aquaporin mediates cell shape change required for cellular immunity in the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua.

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An aquaporin mediates cell shape change required for cellular immunity in the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua.

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