Dataset Information

Regulatory changes in pterin and carotenoid genes underlie balanced color polymorphisms in the wall lizard.

ABSTRACT: Reptiles use pterin and carotenoid pigments to produce yellow, orange, and red colors. These conspicuous colors serve a diversity of signaling functions, but their molecular basis remains unresolved. Here, we show that the genomes of sympatric color morphs of the European common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis), which differ in orange and yellow pigmentation and in their ecology and behavior, are virtually undifferentiated. Genetic differences are restricted to two small regulatory regions near genes associated with pterin [sepiapterin reductase (SPR)] and carotenoid [beta-carotene oxygenase 2 (BCO2)] metabolism, demonstrating that a core gene in the housekeeping pathway of pterin biosynthesis has been coopted for bright coloration in reptiles and indicating that these loci exert pleiotropic effects on other aspects of physiology. Pigmentation differences are explained by extremely divergent alleles, and haplotype analysis revealed abundant transspecific allele sharing with other lacertids exhibiting color polymorphisms. The evolution of these conspicuous color ornaments is the result of ancient genetic variation and cross-species hybridization.

SUBMITTER: Andrade P

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6431182 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Regulatory changes in pterin and carotenoid genes underlie balanced color polymorphisms in the wall lizard.

Andrade Pedro P Pinho Catarina C Pérez I de Lanuza Guillem G Afonso Sandra S Brejcha Jindřich J Rubin Carl-Johan CJ Wallerman Ola O Pereira Paulo P Sabatino Stephen J SJ Bellati Adriana A Pellitteri-Rosa Daniele D Bosakova Zuzana Z Bunikis Ignas I Carretero Miguel A MA Feiner Nathalie N Marsik Petr P Paupério Francisco F Salvi Daniele D Soler Lucile L While Geoffrey M GM Uller Tobias T Font Enrique E Andersson Leif L Carneiro Miguel M

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 20190228 12

Reptiles use pterin and carotenoid pigments to produce yellow, orange, and red colors. These conspicuous colors serve a diversity of signaling functions, but their molecular basis remains unresolved. Here, we show that the genomes of sympatric color morphs of the European common wall lizard (<i>Podarcis muralis</i>), which differ in orange and yellow pigmentation and in their ecology and behavior, are virtually undifferentiated. Genetic differences are restricted to two small regulatory regions ...[more]

PMID: 30819892

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Project description:OBJECTIVES: To compare the surgical outcomes of inferomedial wall orbital decompression (IM-OD) and balanced medial plus lateral wall orbital decompression (ML-OD) in patients with inactive Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) with regard to exophthalmos reduction and ocular motility abnormalities. METHODS: Forty-two patients with inactive GO eligible for OD were randomly assigned to either the IM-OD or ML-OD groups. Pre and postoperative evaluations included Hertel exophthalmometry, sensory, and motor extraocular motility assessment, standardized photographs in the nine gaze positions, and computed tomography (CT) of the orbits. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03278964. RESULTS: Exophthalmometry reduction was statistically significant in both groups (p<0.001), but was greater in the ML-OD group (p=0.010). New-onset esotropia occurred in 11.1% and 23.5% of patients who underwent IM-OD and ML-OD, respectively, with no statistically significant difference in the frequency of pre and postoperative strabismus in either group. The mean increase in preoperative esotropia was 24±6.9 and 12±8.8 prism diopters in patients who underwent IM-OD and ML-OD, respectively. In the IM-OD group, abduction and elevation worsened at the first (p<0.05) and third (p<0.05) postoperative visits but were restored at 6 months. The versions did not change postoperatively with ML-OD. The preoperative CT-measured medial rectus muscle area predicted new-onset strabismus (p=0.023). Significant postoperative medial rectus muscle enlargement occurred in both groups (p<0.001). Restriction in elevation and abduction was significantly associated with enlarged inferior (p=0.007) and medial rectus muscle areas (p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: IM-OD is as safe as ML-OD with regard to new-onset strabismus, and represents a good alternative for patients who do not require significant exophthalmos reduction. ML-OD offers greater exophthalmos reduction and smoother postoperative recovery. Patients with preoperative enlarged medial rectus muscle on CT are at risk for new-onset esotropia, and preoperative esotropia is likely to increase after OD.

Dataset Information

Regulatory changes in pterin and carotenoid genes underlie balanced color polymorphisms in the wall lizard.

Publications

Regulatory changes in pterin and carotenoid genes underlie balanced color polymorphisms in the wall lizard.

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