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Circulating n-3 fatty acids and linoleic acid as indicators of dietary fatty acid intake in post-myocardial infarction patients.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND AND AIMS:Population-based studies often use plasma fatty acids (FAs) as objective indicators of FA intake, especially for n-3 FA and linoleic acid (LA). The relation between dietary and circulating FA in cardiometabolic patients is largely unknown. We examined whether dietary n-3 FA and LA were reflected in plasma lipid pools in post-myocardial infarction (MI) patients. METHODS AND RESULTS:Patients in Alpha Omega Cohort filled out a 203-item food-frequency questionnaire from which eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and LA intake were calculated. Circulating individual FA (% total FA) were assessed in cholesteryl esters (CE; n = 4066), phospholipids (PL; n = 838), and additionally in total plasma for DHA and LA (n = 739). Spearman correlation coefficients (rs) were calculated for dietary vs. circulating FA. Circulating FA were also compared across dietary FA quintiles, overall and in subgroups by sex, obesity, diabetes, statin use, and high alcohol intake. Patients were on average 69 years old and 79% was male. Moderate correlations between dietary and circulating levels were observed for EPA (rs?0.4 in CE and PL) and DHA (rs ?0.5 in CE and PL, ?0.4 in total plasma), but not for ALA (rs ?0.0). Weak correlations were observed for LA (rs 0.1 to 0.2). Plasma LA was significantly lower in statin users and in patients with a high alcohol intake. CONCLUSIONS:In post-MI patients, dietary EPA and DHA were well reflected in circulating levels. This was not the case for LA, which may partly be influenced by alcohol use and statins.

SUBMITTER: Pertiwi K

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6431560 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Circulating n-3 fatty acids and linoleic acid as indicators of dietary fatty acid intake in post-myocardial infarction patients.

Pertiwi K K Kok D E DE Wanders A J AJ de Goede J J Zock P L PL Geleijnse J M JM

Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD 20190109 4

<h4>Background and aims</h4>Population-based studies often use plasma fatty acids (FAs) as objective indicators of FA intake, especially for n-3 FA and linoleic acid (LA). The relation between dietary and circulating FA in cardiometabolic patients is largely unknown. We examined whether dietary n-3 FA and LA were reflected in plasma lipid pools in post-myocardial infarction (MI) patients.<h4>Methods and results</h4>Patients in Alpha Omega Cohort filled out a 203-item food-frequency questionnaire ...[more]

PMID: 30718141

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Project description:BackgroundCirculating odd-chain fatty acids pentadecanoic (15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (17:0) are considered to reflect dairy intake. In cohort studies, higher circulating 15:0 and 17:0 were associated with lower type 2 diabetes risk. A recent randomized controlled trial in humans suggested that fiber intake also increased circulating 15:0 and 17:0, potentially resulting from fermentation by gut microbes. We examined the associations of dairy and fiber intake with circulating 15:0 and 17:0 in patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI).MethodsWe performed cross-sectional analyses in a subsample of 869 Dutch post-MI patients of the Alpha Omega Cohort who had data on dietary intake and circulating fatty acids. Dietary intakes (g/d) were assessed using a 203-item food frequency questionnaire. Circulating 15:0 and 17:0 (as % of total fatty acids) were measured in plasma phospholipids (PL) and cholesteryl esters (CE). Spearman correlations (r s ) were computed between intakes of total dairy, dairy fat, fiber, and circulating 15:0 and 17:0.ResultsPatients were on average 69?years old, 78% was male and 21% had diabetes. Total dairy intake comprised predominantly milk and yogurt (69%). Dairy fat was mainly derived from cheese (47%) and milk (15%), and fiber was mainly from grains (43%). Circulating 15:0 in PL was significantly correlated with total dairy and dairy fat intake (both r s ?=?0.19, p?<?0.001), but not with dietary fiber intake (r s ?=?0.05, p?=?0.11). Circulating 17:0 in PL was correlated both with dairy intake (r s ?=?0.14 for total dairy and 0.11 for dairy fat, p?<?0.001), and fiber intake (r s ?=?0.19, p?<?0.001). Results in CE were roughly similar, except for a weaker correlation of CE 17:0 with fiber (r s ?=?0.11, p?=?0.001). Circulating 15:0 was highest in those with high dairy intake irrespective of fiber intake, while circulating 17:0 was highest in those with high dairy and fiber intake.ConclusionsIn our cohort of post-MI patients, circulating 15:0 was associated with dairy intake but not fiber intake, whereas circulating 17:0 was associated with both dairy and fiber intake. These data suggest that cardiometabolic health benefits previously attributed to 17:0 as a biomarker of dairy intake may partly be explained by fiber intake.

Project description:BackgroundReplacement of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) with unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), especially polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), has been associated with a lower risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD). Whether this replacement is beneficial for drug-treated patients with cardiac disease is not yet clear.ObjectiveIn a prospective study of Dutch patients with cardiac disease (Alpha Omega Cohort), we examined the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and IHD mortality when the sum of SFAs and trans fatty acids (TFAs) was theoretically replaced by total UFAs, PUFAs, or cis monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs).DesignWe included 4146 state-of-the-art drug-treated patients aged 60-80 y with a history of myocardial infarction (79% male patients) and reliable dietary data at baseline (2002-2006). Cause-specific mortality was monitored until 1 January 2013. HRs for CVD mortality and IHD mortality for theoretical, isocaloric replacement of dietary fatty acids (FAs) in quintiles (1-5) and continuously (per 5% of energy) were obtained from Cox regression models, adjusting for demographic factors, medication use, and lifestyle and dietary factors.ResultsPatients consumed, on average, 17.5% of energy of total UFAs, 13.0% of energy of SFAs, and <1% of energy of TFAs. During ∼7 y of follow-up, 372 CVD deaths and 249 IHD deaths occurred. Substitution modeling yielded significantly lower risks of CVD mortality when replacing SFAs plus TFAs with total UFAs [HR in quintile 5 compared with quintile 1: 0.45 (95% CI: 0.28, 0.72)] or PUFAs [HR: 0.66 (95% CI: 0.44, 0.98)], whereas HRs in cis MUFA quintiles were nonsignificant. HRs were similar for IHD mortality. In continuous analyses, replacement of SFAs plus TFAs with total UFAs, PUFAs, or cis MUFAs (per 5% of energy) was associated with significantly lower risks of CVD mortality (HRs between 0.68 and 0.75) and IHD mortality (HRs between 0.55 and 0.70).ConclusionShifting the FA composition of the diet toward a higher proportion of UFAs may lower CVD mortality risk in drug-treated patients with cardiac disease. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03192410.

Project description:BackgroundPolyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are associated with a lower risk of multiple diseases. Fatty acid desaturase 1 gene (FADS1) polymorphisms and dietary PUFA intake are both established determinants of circulating PUFA proportions.ObjectiveWe explored the joint effects of FADS1 polymorphisms and dietary PUFA intake on circulating PUFA proportions.DesignWe studied 2288 participants from a nested case-control study of coronary artery disease among participants who provided blood samples in the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. Dietary PUFA intake was obtained from semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaires. FADS1 rs174546 was genotyped by using the Affymetrix 6.0 platform, and circulating PUFA proportions were measured with gas-liquid chromatography. Linear regression models were used to examine the associations between rs174546 and circulating proportions of each fatty acid. Gene-diet interactions were tested by including a cross-product term of dietary intake of each PUFA by rs174546 genotype in the linear regression models.ResultsAfter adjustment for sex and ancestry, each copy of the C allele of rs174546 was associated with higher circulating proportions of arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and lower proportions of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid. The magnitude of positive association between higher consumption of dietary EPA or DHA and circulating proportions of EPA increased with each copy of the rs174546_T allele (P-interaction = 0.01 and 0.007, respectively). Each 1-SD increment in EPA intake was associated with an average 3.7% increase in circulating EPA proportions among participants with the rs174546_CC genotype and an average 7.8% increase among participants with the TT genotype.ConclusionsCarriers of the T allele at FADS1 rs174546 may need higher doses of dietary EPA and DHA to achieve the same circulating proportions of EPA as carriers of the C allele. The implications of these findings on disease risk and dietary guidelines require further study.

Project description:Background Habitual intake of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid (EPA+DHA) from fish, has been associated with a lower risk of fatal coronary heart disease (CHD) in population-based studies. Whether that is also the case for patients with CHD is not yet clear. We studied the associations of dietary and circulating EPA+DHA and alpha-linolenic acid, a plant-derived omega-3 fatty acids, with long-term mortality risk after myocardial infarction. Methods and Results We analyzed data from 4067 Dutch patients with prior myocardial infarction aged 60 to 80 years (79% men, 86% on statins) enrolled in the Alpha Omega Cohort from 2002 to 2006 (baseline) and followed through 2018. Baseline intake of fish and omega-3 fatty acids were assessed through a validated 203-item food frequency questionnaire and circulating omega-3 fatty acids were assessed in plasma cholesteryl esters. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs were obtained from Cox regression analyses. During a median follow-up period of 12 years, 1877 deaths occurred, of which 515 were from CHD and 834 from cardiovascular diseases. Dietary intake of EPA+DHA was significantly inversely associated with only CHD mortality (HR, 0.69 [0.52-0.90] for >200 versus ≤50 mg/d; HR, 0.92 [0.86-0.98] per 100 mg/d). Similar results were obtained for fish consumption (HRCHD, 0.74 [0.53-1.03] for >40 versus ≤5 g/d; Ptrend: 0.031). Circulating EPA+DHA was inversely associated with CHD mortality (HR, 0.71 [0.53-0.94] for >2.52% versus ≤1.29%; 0.85 [0.77-0.95] per 1-SD) and also with cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality. Dietary and circulating alpha-linolenic acid were not significantly associated with mortality end points. Conclusions In a cohort of Dutch patients with prior myocardial infarction, higher dietary and circulating EPA+DHA and fish intake were consistently associated with a lower CHD mortality risk. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03192410.

Project description:The current study was designed to investigate the circulating miRNA expression signature of dairy cows during several key time points around calving, and under different fatty acids (FA) treatments to get insights into different aspects of metabolic adaptations and their interaction with administrated FA. In this trial, 32 transition Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: 1-CTRL (n = 8; coconut oil, Bio-Kokosöl #665, Kräuterhaus Sanct Bernhard, KG, Bad Ditzenbach, Germany; 38 and 76 g/d in antepartum (AP) and postpartum (PP)), 2- Essential fatty acids (EFA, n=8, a combination of linseed oil (DERBY® Leinöl #4026921003087, DERBY Spezialfutter GmbH, Münster, Germany; 39 and 78 g/d in AP and PP) and safflower oil (GEFRO Distelöl, GEFRO Reformversand Frommlet KG, Memmingen, Germany; 2 and 4 g/d in AP and PP), 3- conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, n = 8, Lutalin® ; cis-9, trans-11, 10 g/d trans- 10, cis-12 CLA, BASF SE, Lampertheim, Germany; 19 and 38 g/d in AP and PP), and 4- EFA+CLA, a combination of linseed oil, safflower oil and Lutalin® from day 63 AP to day 63 PP. From each cow, four blood samples were collected individually on days -21, +1, +28, and +63 relative to calving, and the plasma fraction was used for RNA extraction. Total RNA was extracted from 128 plasma samples using the QIAGEN miRNeasy serum/plasma kit (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany), and checked for yield and purity using the small RNA kit on a 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). We used the QIAseq miRNA library kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) for library preparation and Caliper (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA) for quality check. NGS was performed on the libraries using the NovaSeq 6000 (Illumina, San Diego, CA) setting on single-end 100 bp mode on the respective platform of IGA Technology Services, Udine, Italy (https://igatechnology.com/). Raw-sequencing data was checked for quality (format conversion to FASTQ, demultiplexing, Adapter Trimming, and UMI Remova) using the Illumina Bcl2fastq2 Conversion Software (version 2.20). Detected sequences were analyzed with the miRDeep2 (miRDeep2.pl) software package (version 2.0.0.5) to detect known miRNA and predict putative novel miRNA (using human, ovine, and goat miRNA datasets). MiRDeep2 was fed with the Bos taurus miRNA collection available at miRBase (www.mirbase.org). Read counts for each known and novel miRNA were compiled using the HTSeq-count script. The quantified counts were normalized using the TMM method via the edgeR (version 3.12.0) package in R software (Version 4.0). Only miRNA with at least one count per million over at least 2 samples were taken into consideration for the analysis. Differentially expressed miRNA (DEM) during the time points were identified by performing generalized linear model (GLM) likelihood ratio tests (glmLRT) using the GLM approach in edgeR. The DEMs have been interpreted separately I-during different time points, and also II-between treatments, to gain insight into metabolic and immune adaptation, as well as the role of fatty acids at each time point. A time-affected DEM identified key signaling pathways that are involved in initiating and regulating metabolic shifts during the transition from gestation (non-lactation) to lactation. Although, fatty acid treatments had only minor effects on miRNA expression (insufficient DEM to perform pathway analysis).

Project description:The endocannabinoidome encompasses several fatty acid (FA)-derived mediators, including the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG), which served as targets for anti-obesity drug development, and their congener N-acyl-ethanolamines (NAEs) and 2-monoacyl-glycerols (2‑MAGs), which are involved in food intake and energy metabolism. Body weight and fat distribution have been suggested as determinants of peripheral endocannabinoid levels. We aimed at investigating factors, beyond body fat composition, that are associated with circulating NAE and 2-MAG levels in a heterogeneous human population. Plasma NAEs and 2-MAGs were measured using LC-MS/MS in a cross-sectional sample of healthy men and women (n = 195) covering a wide range of BMI and individuals before and after a 2-day Mediterranean diet (n = 21). Circulating levels of all 2-MAGs and NAEs, other than N-oleoyl-ethanolamine (OEA), correlated with body fat mass and visceral adipose tissue (0.26 < r < 0.54). NAE levels were elevated in individuals with elevated fat mass, while 2-MAGs were increased in individuals with predominantly visceral body fat distribution. Dietary intakes of specific FAs were associated with 2-AG and omega-3-FA-derived NAEs or 2-MAGs, irrespective of the body fat distribution. Some gut bacterial families (e.g. Veillonellaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae and Akkermansiaceae) were associated with variations in most NAEs or omega-3-FA-derived 2‑MAGs, independently of fat mass and dietary FA intake. Finally, a 2-day Mediterranean diet intervention increased circulating levels of NAEs and 2-MAGs in agreement with changes in FA intake (p < 0.01). Self-reported intake and short-term dietary intervention increased in oleic acid and EPA and DHA intake as well as certain gut microbiota taxa are associated to circulating NAEs and 2‑MAGs independently of adiposity measures, thus highlighting the potential importance of these variables in determining endocannabinoidome signaling in humans.

Dataset Information

Circulating n-3 fatty acids and linoleic acid as indicators of dietary fatty acid intake in post-myocardial infarction patients.

Publications

Circulating n-3 fatty acids and linoleic acid as indicators of dietary fatty acid intake in post-myocardial infarction patients.

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