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Newcastle disease sero and viro-prevalence in rural poultry in Chittagong, Bangladesh.

ABSTRACT: Bangladesh experiences some of the highest malnutrition rates in the world, and efforts are being made to increase food security and overall health status. One of the largest constrains on increasing food security is endemic diseases among livestock and poultry populations. Newcastle Disease (ND) is one of these viral endemic diseases reducing food security. However, the sero- and viro-prevalence of ND has not been thoroughly studied in rural poultry in Bangladesh. Knowledge of farm management practices and their effect on ND sero and viro-prevalence is needed before interventions can occur, and efforts to improve the endemic state of ND cannot begin without a baseline study. This cross-sectional study randomly sampled 129 rural households with 245 chickens for the sero-prevalence and active infection rate of rural chickens in two selected upazilas (sub-districts) of the Chittagong district. ELISA was used for the detection of sero-prevalence, and cloacal samples were analyzed for ND presence using one-step RT-PCR. The aims of this study were to describe farmer demography, determine the ND sero-prevalence at the household and individual chicken level, estimate the proportionate ND prevalence at the individual chicken level, determine potential risk factors for ND sero-prevalence at the household level, and determine challenges farmers face with household chicken farming. The overall household level ND sero-prevalence based on ELISA was 31.8% (41/129) (95% CI: 23.9-40.6%), whereas the overall bird level ND sero-prevalence based on ELISA was 21.2% (52/245) (95% CI: 16.5-26.8%). ND prevalence based on RT-PCR was 12.5% (4/32) (95% CI: 3.5-29.0%). The odds of ND sero-positivity was significantly higher in farms belonging to Rangunia than in farms belonging to Anowara with an odds ratio (OR) of 7.8 (95% CI: 3.3-18.6%). The odds of ND sero-positivity was significantly lower in poultry house cleaning frequency of once or twice weekly compared with once daily cleaning (OR?=?0.3; 95% CI: 0.1-0.8%). High cleaning frequency may produce excessive stress on poultry predisposing them to infection. Poultry rearing is different between Anowara and Rangunia. Anowara (coastal) scavenging areas become restricted because of regular tide flow allowing small fishes and other aquatic animals to be the dominant scavengers in Anowara. The incoming tide also removes viral reservoirs such as feces and dead birds that may otherwise be readily accessed by healthy chickens.

SUBMITTER: Belgrad JP

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6437679 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Newcastle disease sero and viro-prevalence in rural poultry in Chittagong, Bangladesh.

Belgrad Joseph P JP Rahman Md Ashiqur MA Abdullah Md Sadeque MS Rashid Md Harun MH Sayeed Md Abu MA Anwer M Sawkat MS Hoque Md Ahasanul MA

Preventive veterinary medicine 20180920

Bangladesh experiences some of the highest malnutrition rates in the world, and efforts are being made to increase food security and overall health status. One of the largest constrains on increasing food security is endemic diseases among livestock and poultry populations. Newcastle Disease (ND) is one of these viral endemic diseases reducing food security. However, the sero- and viro-prevalence of ND has not been thoroughly studied in rural poultry in Bangladesh. Knowledge of farm management p ...[more]

PMID: 30388994

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Project description:Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses have pandemic potential, cause significant economic losses and are of veterinary and public health concerns. This study aimed to investigate the distribution and diversity of hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes of avian influenza virus (AIV) in poultry and wild birds in Bangladesh. We conducted an avian influenza sero-surveillance in wild and domestic birds in wetlands of Chattogram and Sylhet in the winter seasons 2012-2014. We tested serum samples using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA), and randomly selected positive serum samples (170 of 942) were tested using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) to detect antibodies against the 16 different HA sero-subtypes. All AIV sero-subtypes except H7, H11, H14 and H15 were identified in the present study, with H5 and H9 dominating over other subtypes, regardless of the bird species. The diversity of HA sero-subtypes within groups ranged from 3 (in household chickens) to 10 (in migratory birds). The prevalence of the H5 sero-subtype was 76.3% (29/38) in nomadic ducks, 71.4% (5/7) in household chicken, 66.7% (24/36) in resident wild birds, 65.9% (27/41) in migratory birds and 61.7% (29/47) in household ducks. Moreover, the H9 sero-subtype was common in migratory birds (56%; 23/41), followed by 38.3% (18/47) in household ducks, 36.8% (14/38) in nomadic ducks, 30.6% (11/66) in resident wild birds and 28.5% (2/7) in household chickens. H1, H4 and H6 sero-subtypes were the most common sero-subtypes (80%; 8/10, 70%; 7/10 and 70%; 7/10, respectively) in migratory birds in 2012, H9 in resident wild birds (83.3%; 5/6) and H2 in nomadic ducks (73.9%; 17/23) in 2013, and the H5 sero-subtype in all types of birds (50% to 100%) in 2014. The present study demonstrates that a high diversity of HA subtypes circulated in diverse bird species in Bangladesh, and this broad range of AIV hosts may increase the probability of AIVs' reassortment and may enhance the emergence of novel AIV strains. A continued surveillance for AIV at targeted domestic-wild bird interfaces is recommended to understand the ecology and evolution of AIVs.

Project description:BackgroundEpidemiological data on malaria in Bangladesh are sparse, particularly on severe and fatal malaria. This hampers the allocation of healthcare provision in this resource-poor setting. Over 85% of the estimated 150,000-250,000 annual malaria cases in Bangladesh occur in Chittagong Division with 80% in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT). Chittagong Medical College Hospital (CMCH) is the major tertiary referral hospital for severe malaria in Chittagong Division.MethodsMalaria screening data from 22,785 inpatients in CMCH from 1999-2011 were analysed to investigate the patterns of referral, temporal trends and geographical distribution of severe malaria in Chittagong Division, Bangladesh.ResultsFrom 1999 till 2011, 2,394 malaria cases were admitted, of which 96% harboured Plasmodium falciparum and 4% Plasmodium vivax. Infection was commonest in males (67%) between 15 and 34 years of age. Seasonality of malaria incidence was marked with a single peak in P. falciparum transmission from June to August coinciding with peak rainfall, whereas P. vivax showed an additional peak in February-March possibly representing relapse infections. Since 2007 there has been a substantial decrease in the absolute number of admitted malaria cases. Case fatality in severe malaria was 18% from 2008-2011, remaining steady during this period.A travel history obtained in 226 malaria patients revealed only 33% had been to the CHT in the preceding three weeks. Of all admitted malaria patients, only 9% lived in the CHT, and none in the more remote malaria endemic regions near the Indian border.ConclusionsThe overall decline in admitted malaria cases to CMCH suggests recent control measures are successful. However, there are no reliable data on the incidence of severe malaria in the CHT, the most endemic area of Bangladesh, and most of these patients do not reach tertiary health facilities. Improvement of early treatment and simple supportive care for severe malaria in remote areas and implementation of a referral system for cases requiring additional supportive care could be important contributors to further reducing malaria-attributable disease and death in Bangladesh.

Project description:BackgroundPrevalence of accessing antenatal care (ANC) services among Indigenous women in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) is unknown. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of accessing ANC services by Indigenous women in the CHT and identify factors associated with knowledge of, and attendance at, ANC services.MethodsUsing a cross-sectional design three Indigenous groups in Khagrachari district, CHT, Bangladesh were surveyed between September 2017 and February 2018. Indigenous women within 36 months of delivery were asked about attending ANC services and the number who attended was used to estimate prevalence. Socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics were used to determine factors associated with knowledge and attendance using multivariable logistic regression techniques adjusted for clustering by village; results are presented as odds ratios (OR), adjusted OR, and 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsOf 494 indigenous women who met the inclusion criteria in two upazilas, 438 participated (89% response rate) in the study, 75% were aged 16-29 years. Sixty-nine percent were aware of ANC services and the prevalence of attending ANC services was 53% (n = 232, 95%CI 0.48-0.58). Half (52%; n = 121) attended private facilities. Independent factors associated with knowledge about ANC were age ?30 years (OR 2.2, 95%CI 1.1-4.6), monthly household income greater than 20,000 Bangladeshi Taka (OR 3.4, 95%CI 1.4-8.6); knowledge of pregnancy-related complications (OR 3.6, 95%CI 1.6-8.1), knowledge about nearest health facilities (OR 4.3, 95%CI 2.1-8.8); and attending secondary school or above (OR 4.8, 95%CI 2.1-11). Independent factors associated with attending ANC services were having prior knowledge of ANC benefits (OR 7.7, 95%CI 3.6-16), Indigenous women residing in Khagrachhari Sadar subdistrict (OR 6.5, 95%CI 1.7-25); and monthly household income of 20,000 Bangladeshi Taka or above (OR 2.8, 95%CI 1.1-7.4).ConclusionApproximately half of Indigenous women from Chittagong Hill Tracts Bangladesh attended ANC services at least once. Better awareness and education may improve ANC attendance for Indigenous women. Cultural factors influencing attendance need to be explored.

Dataset Information

Newcastle disease sero and viro-prevalence in rural poultry in Chittagong, Bangladesh.

Publications

Newcastle disease sero and viro-prevalence in rural poultry in Chittagong, Bangladesh.

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