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Comparative Effectiveness of Medication Therapy Management Eligibility Criteria Across Racial/Ethnic Groups.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:Previous research indicates that eligibility criteria for medication therapy management (MTM) services in Medicare prescription drug (Part D) plans, defined under the Medicare Modernization Act (MMA), are associated with racial/ethnic disparities and ineffective in identifying individuals with medication utilization issues. Our study's objective was to determine the comparative effectiveness of MTM eligibility criteria under MMA and in the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in identifying patients with medication utilization issues across racial/ethnic groups. DESIGN:ACA and MMA MTM eligibility criteria were compared on proportions of eligible individuals among patients with medication utilization issues. Multinomial logistic regression was conducted to control for patient/community characteristics. Need-based and demand-based analyses were used to determine disparities due to need and demand for healthcare. Main/sensitivity analyses were conducted for the range of eligibility thresholds. SETTING:Medicare data (2012-2013) linked to Area Health Resources Files. PARTICIPANTS:A total of 964 610 patients 65 years or older. MEASUREMENTS:Medication safety/adherence measures, developed primarily by the Pharmacy Quality Alliance, were used to determine medication utilization issues. RESULTS:Higher proportions of patients were eligible based on ACA than MMA MTM eligibility criteria. For example, in 2013, proportions based on ACA and MMA MTM eligibility criteria would be 99.7% and 26.2%, respectively, in the main analysis (p < .001); in the demand-based main analysis, ACA criteria were associated with 13.6% and 9.8%, respectively, higher effectiveness than MMA criteria among non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics than non-Hispanic whites. CONCLUSION:ACA MTM eligibility criteria are more effective than MMA criteria in identifying older patients needing MTM, particularly among minorities. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:581-587, 2019.

SUBMITTER: Spivey CA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6438366 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Comparative Effectiveness of Medication Therapy Management Eligibility Criteria Across Racial/Ethnic Groups.

Spivey Christina A CA Qiao Yanru Y Wang Junling J Shih Ya-Chen Tina YT Wan Jim Y JY Dagogo-Jack Samuel S Cushman William C WC Hines Lisa E LE Chisholm-Burns Marie A MA

Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 20190123 3

<h4>Background/objectives</h4>Previous research indicates that eligibility criteria for medication therapy management (MTM) services in Medicare prescription drug (Part D) plans, defined under the Medicare Modernization Act (MMA), are associated with racial/ethnic disparities and ineffective in identifying individuals with medication utilization issues. Our study's objective was to determine the comparative effectiveness of MTM eligibility criteria under MMA and in the Affordable Care Act (ACA) ...[more]

PMID: 30674080

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Project description:BackgroundIt is not clear to what extent educational programs aimed at promoting diabetes self-management in ethnic minority groups are effective. The aim of this work was to systematically review the effectiveness of educational programs to promote the self-management of racial/ethnic minority groups with type 2 diabetes, and to identify programs' characteristics associated with greater success.MethodsWe undertook a systematic literature review. Specific searches were designed and implemented for Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, ISI Web of Knowledge, Scirus, Current Contents and nine additional sources (from inception to October 2012). We included experimental and quasi-experimental studies assessing the impact of educational programs targeted to racial/ethnic minority groups with type 2 diabetes. We only included interventions conducted in countries members of the OECD. Two reviewers independently screened citations. Structured forms were used to extract information on intervention characteristics, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness. When possible, we conducted random-effects meta-analyses using standardized mean differences to obtain aggregate estimates of effect size with 95% confidence intervals. Two reviewers independently extracted all the information and critically appraised the studies.ResultsWe identified thirty-seven studies reporting on thirty-nine educational programs. Most of them were conducted in the US, with African American or Latino participants. Most programs obtained some benefits over standard care in improving diabetes knowledge, self-management behaviors and clinical outcomes. A meta-analysis of 20 randomized controlled trials (3,094 patients) indicated that the programs produced a reduction in glycated hemoglobin of -0.31% (95% CI -0.48% to -0.14%). Diabetes knowledge and self-management measures were too heterogeneous to pool. Meta-regressions showed larger reduction in glycated hemoglobin in individual and face to face delivered interventions, as well as in those involving peer educators, including cognitive reframing techniques, and a lower number of teaching methods. The long-term effects remain unknown and cost-effectiveness was rarely estimated.ConclusionsDiabetes self-management educational programs targeted to racial/ethnic minority groups can produce a positive effect on diabetes knowledge and on self-management behavior, ultimately improving glycemic control. Future programs should take into account the key characteristics identified in this review.

Project description:ImportanceAlthough independent charity patient assistance programs improve patient access to costly prescription drugs, recent federal investigations have raised questions about their potential to increase pharmaceutical spending and to violate the federal Anti-Kickback Statute. Little is known about the design of the programs, patient eligibility, or drug coverage.ObjectiveTo examine the eligibility criteria of the independent charity patient assistance programs and the drugs covered by them.Design, setting, and participantsDescriptive cross-sectional study of the 6 largest independent charities offering patient assistance programs for patients including, but not limited to, Medicare beneficiaries in 2018. These charities offered 274 different disease-specific patient assistance programs. Drugs were identified for subgroup analysis that had any use reported on the Medicare Part D spending dashboard and any off-patent brand-name drugs that incurred more than $10?000 in Medicare spending per beneficiary in 2016.ExposuresSupport by independent charity patient assistance programs.Main outcomes and measuresThe primary outcomes were the characteristics of patient assistance programs, including assistance type, insurance coverage (vs uninsured), and income eligibility. The secondary outcomes were the cost of the drugs covered by the patient assistance programs and the coverage of expensive off-patent brand-name drugs vs substitutable generic drugs.ResultsAmong the 6 independent charity foundations included in the analysis, their total revenue in 2017 ranged from $24 million to $532 million, and expenditures on patient assistance programs ranged from $24 million to $353 million, representing on average, 86% of their revenue. Of the 274 patient assistance programs offered by these organizations, 168 (61%) provided only co-payment assistance, and the most common therapeutic area covered was cancer or cancer treatment-related symptoms (113 patient assistance programs; 41%). A total of 267 programs (97%) required insurance coverage as an eligibility criterion (ie, excluded uninsured patients). The most common income eligibility limit was 500% of the federal poverty level. The median annual cost of the drugs per beneficiary covered by the programs was $1157 (interquartile range, $247-$5609) compared with $367 (interquartile range, $100-$1500) for the noncovered drugs. Off-patent brand-name drugs (cost: >$10?000) were covered by a mean of 3.1 (SD, 2.0) patient assistance programs, whereas their generic equivalents were covered by a mean of 1.2 (SD, 1.0) patient assistance programs.Conclusions and relevanceIn 2018, among 274 patient assistance programs operated by the 6 independent charity foundations, the majority did not provide coverage for uninsured patients. Medications that were covered by the patient assistance programs were generally more expensive than those that were not covered.

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Comparative Effectiveness of Medication Therapy Management Eligibility Criteria Across Racial/Ethnic Groups.

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Comparative Effectiveness of Medication Therapy Management Eligibility Criteria Across Racial/Ethnic Groups.

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