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Triggering of cardiovascular hospital admissions by source specific fine particle concentrations in urban centers of New York State.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Previous work reported increased rates of acute cardiovascular hospitalizations associated with increased PM2.5 concentrations in the previous few days across urban centers in New York State from 2005 to 2016. These relative rates were higher after air quality policies and economic changes resulted in decreased PM2.5 concentrations and changes in PM composition (e.g. increased secondary organic carbon), compared to before and during these changes. Changes in PM composition and sources may explain this difference. OBJECTIVES:To estimate the rate of acute cardiovascular hospitalizations associated with increases in source specific PM2.5 concentrations. METHODS:Using source apportioned PM2.5 concentrations at the same NYS urban sites, a time-stratified case-crossover design, and conditional logistic regression models adjusting for ambient temperature and relative humidity, we estimated the rate of these acute cardiovascular hospitalizations associated with increases in mean source specific PM2.5 concentrations in the previous 1, 4, and 7?days. RESULTS:Interquartile range (IQR) increases in spark-ignition emissions (GAS) concentrations were associated with increased excess rates of cardiac arrhythmia hospitalizations (2.3%; 95% CI?=?0.4%, 4.2%; IQR?=?2.56??g/m3) and ischemic stroke hospitalizations (3.7%; 95% CI?=?1.1%, 6.4%; 2. 73??g/m3) over the next day. IQR increases in diesel (DIE) concentrations were associated with increased rates of congestive heart failure hospitalizations (0.7%; 95% CI?=?0.2% 1.3%; 0.51??g/m3) and ischemic heart disease hospitalizations (0.8%; 95% CI?=?0.3%, 1.3%; 0.60??g/m3) over the next day, as hypothesized. However, secondary sulfate PM2.5 (SS) was not. Increased acute cardiovascular hospitalization rates were also associated with IQR increases in concentrations of road dust (RD), residual oil (RO), and secondary nitrate (SN) over the previous 1, 4, and 7?days, but not other sources. CONCLUSIONS:These findings suggest a role of several sources of PM2.5 in New York State (i.e. traffic emissions, non-traffic emissions such as brake and tire wear, residual oil, and nitrate that may also reflect traffic emissions) in the triggering of acute cardiovascular events.

SUBMITTER: Rich DQ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6441620 | biostudies-literature | 2019 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Triggering of cardiovascular hospital admissions by source specific fine particle concentrations in urban centers of New York State.

Rich David Q DQ Zhang Wangjian W Lin Shao S Squizzato Stefania S Thurston Sally W SW van Wijngaarden Edwin E Croft Daniel D Masiol Mauro M Hopke Philip K PK

Environment international 20190228

<h4>Background</h4>Previous work reported increased rates of acute cardiovascular hospitalizations associated with increased PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations in the previous few days across urban centers in New York State from 2005 to 2016. These relative rates were higher after air quality policies and economic changes resulted in decreased PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations and changes in PM composition (e.g. increased secondary organic carbon), compared to before and during these changes. Changes ...[more]

PMID: 30826617

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Project description:BackgroundAdult-onset neurodegenerative diseases affect millions and negatively impact health care systems worldwide. Evidence suggests that air pollution may contribute to aggravation of neurodegeneration, but studies have been limited.ObjectiveWe examined the potential association between long-term exposure to particulate matter ≤2.5μm in aerodynamic diameter [fine particulate matter (PM2.5)] and disease aggravation in Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), using first hospitalization as a surrogate of clinical aggravation.MethodsWe used data from the New York Department of Health Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS 2000-2014) to construct annual county counts of first hospitalizations with a diagnosis of AD, PD, or ALS (total, urbanicity-, sex-, and age-stratified). We used annual PM2.5 concentrations estimated by a prediction model at a 1-km2 resolution, which we aggregated to population-weighted county averages to assign exposure to cases based on county of residence. We used outcome-specific mixed quasi-Poisson models with county-specific random intercepts to estimate rate ratios (RRs) for a 1-y PM2.5 exposure. We allowed for nonlinear exposure-outcome relationships using penalized splines and accounted for potential confounders.ResultsWe found a positive nonlinear PM2.5-PD association that plateaued above 11 μg/m3 (RR=1.09, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.14 for a PM2.5 increase from 8.1 to 10.4 μg/m3). We also found a linear PM2.5-ALS positive association (RR=1.05, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.09 per 1-μg/m3 PM2.5 increase), and suggestive evidence of an association with AD. We found effect modification by age for PD and ALS with a stronger positive association in patients <70 years of age but found insufficient evidence of effect modification by sex or urbanization level for any of the outcomes.ConclusionOur findings suggest that annual increase in county-level PM2.5 concentrations may contribute to clinical aggravation of PD and ALS. Importantly, the average annual PM2.5 concentration in our study was 8.1 μg/m3, below the current American national standards, suggesting the standards may not adequately protect the aging population. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7425.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Most epidemiological studies address health effects of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) using mass-based measurements as exposure surrogates. However, this approach ignores many critical physiochemical properties of individual atmospheric particles. These properties control the deposition of particles in the human lung and likely their toxicity; in addition, they likely have larger spatial variability than PM mass. OBJECTIVES:This study was designed to quantify the spatial variability in number, size, source, and chemical mixing state of individual particles in a populous urban area. We quantified the population exposure to these detailed particle properties and compared them to mass-based exposures. METHODS:We performed mobile sampling using an advanced single-particle mass spectrometer to measure the spatial variability of number concentration of source-resolved 50-1,000?nm particles and particle mixing state in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. We built land-use regression (LUR) models to estimate their spatial patterns and coupled them with demographic data to estimate population exposure. RESULTS:Particle number concentration had a much larger spatial variability than mass concentration within the city. Freshly emitted particles from traffic and cooking drive the variability in particle number, but mass concentrations are dominated by aged background particles composed of secondary materials. In addition, people exposed to elevated number concentrations of atmospheric particles are also exposed to more externally mixed particles. CONCLUSIONS:Our advanced measurement technique provides a new exposure picture that resolves the large intra-city spatial heterogeneity in traffic and cooking particle number concentrations in the populous urban area. Our results provide a complementary and more detailed perspective compared with bulk measurements of composition. In addition, given the influence of particle mixing state on properties such as particle deposition in the lung, the large spatial gradients of chemical mixing state may significantly influence the health effects of fine PM. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5311.

Project description:ImportanceTrans-fatty acids (TFAs) have deleterious cardiovascular effects. Restrictions on their use were initiated in 11 New York State (NYS) counties between 2007 and 2011. The US Food and Drug Administration plans a nationwide restriction in 2018. Public health implications of TFA restrictions are not well understood.ObjectiveTo determine whether TFA restrictions in NYS counties were associated with fewer hospital admissions for myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke compared with NYS counties without restrictions.Design, setting, and participantsWe conducted a retrospective observational pre-post study of residents in counties with TFA restrictions vs counties without restrictions from 2002 to 2013 using NYS Department of Health's Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System and census population estimates. In this natural experiment, we included those residents who were hospitalized for MI or stroke. The data analysis was conducted from December 2014 through July 2016.ExposureResiding in a county where TFAs were restricted.Main outcomes and measuresThe primary outcome was a composite of MI and stroke events based on primary discharge diagnostic codes from hospital admissions in NYS. Admission rates were calculated by year, age, sex, and county of residence. A difference-in-differences regression design was used to compare admission rates in populations with and without TFA restrictions. Restrictions were only implemented in highly urban counties, based on US Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service Urban Influence Codes. Nonrestriction counties of similar urbanicity were chosen to make a comparison population. Temporal trends and county characteristics were accounted for using fixed effects by county and year, as well as linear time trends by county. We adjusted for age, sex, and commuting between restriction and nonrestriction counties.ResultsIn 2006, the year before the first restrictions were implemented, there were 8.4 million adults (53.6% female) in highly urban counties with TFA restrictions and 3.3 million adults (52.3% female) in highly urban counties without restrictions. Twenty-five counties were included in the nonrestriction population and 11 in the restriction population. Three or more years after restriction implementation, the population with TFA restrictions experienced significant additional decline beyond temporal trends in MI and stroke events combined (-6.2%; 95% CI, -9.2% to -3.2%; P?<?.001) and MI (-7.8%; 95% CI, -12.7% to -2.8%; P?=?.002) and a nonsignificant decline in stroke (-3.6%; 95% CI, -7.6% to 0.4%; P?=?.08) compared with the nonrestriction populations.Conclusions and relevanceThe NYS populations with TFA restrictions experienced fewer cardiovascular events, beyond temporal trends, compared with those without restrictions.

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Triggering of cardiovascular hospital admissions by source specific fine particle concentrations in urban centers of New York State.

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Triggering of cardiovascular hospital admissions by source specific fine particle concentrations in urban centers of New York State.

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