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Voluntary Head Rotational Velocity and Implications for Brain Injury Risk Metrics.

ABSTRACT: We investigated whether humans could sustain high head rotational velocities without brain injury. Rotational velocity has long been implicated for predicting concussion risk, and has recently been used to develop the rotational velocity-based Brain Injury Criterion (BrIC). To assess the efficacy of rotational velocity and BrIC for predicting concussion risk, we instrumented 9 male subjects with sensor-laden mouthguards and measured six-degree-of-freedom head accelerations for 27 rapid voluntary head rotations. The fastest rotations produced peak rotational velocities of 12.6, 17.4, and 25.0 rad/s in the coronal, sagittal, and horizontal planes, respectively. All of these exceeded the corresponding medians from padded sports impacts (8.9, 10.7, and 8.4 rad/s, respectively) and, in the case of sagittal and horizontal rotation, were within 1 standard deviation of published concussion averages. In the horizontal plane, four voluntary rotations exceeded the concussive impact median BrIC. The area under the precision-recall curve was lower in BrIC (0.49) than just using horizontal rotational acceleration (0.8), which distinguished concussive and subconcussive motions better. Voluntary motions produced less than 4% max principal strain (MPS) in finite element simulation, 5 times below predictions from dummy impacts used to develop BrIC. Despite having the highest critical velocity in BrIC, coronal rotation produced more tract-oriented strain in the corpus callosum than other planes. Baseline and post-experiment neurological testing revealed no significant deficits. We find that the head can tolerate high-velocity, low-acceleration rotational inputs too slow to produce substantial brain deformation. These findings suggest that the time regime over which angular velocities occur must be carefully considered for concussion prediction.

SUBMITTER: Hernandez F

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6444911 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health care concern that currently lacks any effective treatment. Despite promising outcomes from many preclinical studies, clinical evaluations have failed to identify effective pharmacological therapies, suggesting that the translational potential of preclinical models may require improvement. Rodents continue to be the most widely used species for preclinical TBI research. As most human TBIs result from impact to an intact skull, closed head injury (CHI) models are highly relevant, however, traditional CHI models suffer from extensive experimental variability that may be due to poor control over biomechanical inputs. Here we describe a novel CHI model called CHIMERA (Closed-Head Impact Model of Engineered Rotational Acceleration) that fully integrates biomechanical, behavioral, and neuropathological analyses. CHIMERA is distinct from existing neurotrauma model systems in that it uses a completely non-surgical procedure to precisely deliver impacts of prescribed dynamic characteristics to a closed skull while enabling kinematic analysis of unconstrained head movement. In this study, we characterized head kinematics as well as functional, neuropathological, and biochemical outcomes up to 14d following repeated TBI (rTBI) in adult C57BL/6 mice using CHIMERA.ResultsHead kinematic analysis showed excellent repeatability over two closed head impacts separated at 24h. Injured mice showed significantly prolonged loss of righting reflex and displayed neurological, motor, and cognitive deficits along with anxiety-like behavior. Repeated TBI led to diffuse axonal injury with extensive microgliosis in white matter from 2-14d post-rTBI. Injured mouse brains also showed significantly increased levels of TNF-α and IL-1β and increased endogenous tau phosphorylation.ConclusionsRepeated TBI using CHIMERA mimics many of the functional and pathological characteristics of human TBI with a reliable biomechanical response of the head. This makes CHIMERA well suited to investigate the pathophysiology of TBI and for drug development programs.

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Voluntary Head Rotational Velocity and Implications for Brain Injury Risk Metrics.

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