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Within-person compensation for snack energy by US adults, NHANES 2007-2014.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Most Americans snack and some snack several times a day; however, compensatory dietary and eating behaviors associated with snacking in free-living individuals are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE:The aim of the study was to examine within-person differences in reported energy intake and eating patterns on a snack day relative to a no-snack day. METHODS:We used 2 d of dietary recall data from the NHANES 2007-2014 to replicate the crossover nutrition study paradigm in a natural setting. Respondents reporting a snack episode in only one of two available dietary recalls were eligible for inclusion in the study (n = 1,917 men and 1,860 women). We used multivariable regression methods to compare within-person differences in quantitative, qualitative, and eating pattern outcomes between the snack and no-snack recall days. RESULTS:On the snack day, snack episodes provided (mean difference and 95% CI) 493 (454, 532) kcal of energy in men and 360 (328, 392) kcal in women. The 24-h energy intake on snack day was higher by 239 (140, 337) kcal in men and 219 (164, 273) kcal in women (P < 0.0001). On the snack day, both men and women were more likely to skip main meals and reported lower energy intake from main meals (P < 0.0001); however, the energy density of foods or beverages reported on the snack compared with no-snack days were not different. Fruit servings were higher on the snack day (P ? 0.0004), but intakes of vegetables and key micronutrients did not differ. The 24-h ingestive period was longer on the snack day (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS:Free-living men and women partially compensated for snack energy by decreasing energy intake from main meals without adverse associations with qualitative dietary characteristics or time of meal consumption. Women compensated to a smaller extent than men. Thus, over the long term, snack episodes may contribute to positive energy balance, and the risk may be higher in women.

SUBMITTER: Kant AK

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6462429 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundEmerging experimental studies suggest that parabens could affect metabolism by altering the microbiome or signaling pathways involved in adipocyte differentiation. While human exposure to parabens is widespread, epidemiologic studies assessing the role of these chemicals on adiposity measures are scarce.ObjectiveWe examined associations of parabens with adiposity measures among adults and children in the U.S. general population.MethodsWe conducted covariate-adjusted linear and logistic regression models to examine associations between urinary biomarker concentrations of four parabens (butyl-BP, ethyl-EP, methyl-MP, and propyl paraben-PP) and measures of adiposity (obesity; body mass index, BMI or BMI z-score; and waist circumference) among 4730 adults (2007-2014) and 1324 children (2007-2012), participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We also assessed heterogeneity of associations by gender.ResultsWe generally observed significant inverse associations between adiposity measures and paraben biomarker concentrations among adults (BP, EP, MP, PP) and children (MP). For example, adjusted prevalence odds ratios (95% confidence intervals, CI) for obesity per a ten-fold increase in MP concentrations were 0.64 (95% CI: 0.55, 0.73) for adults and 0.71(95% CI: 0.52, 0.95) for children. Strength of inverse associations typically increased monotonically with increasing paraben exposure quartiles; and, in general, inverse associations were more pronounced among females. Associations remained when controlling for other phenolic compounds previously linked with adiposity measures.ConclusionsIn this cross-sectional study of adiposity measures and parabens, we observed consistent inverse associations in a representative sample of U.S adults and children. Further studies are warranted to confirm our findings, examine the potential role of paraben sequestration in adipose tissue, and elucidate mechanisms by which parabens could alter metabolism.

Project description:Environmental exposure to phthalates may contribute to an increased risk of asthma in children and adults. We aimed to assess the direction and strength of the association between urinary phthalates metabolites and current asthma in children and adults that participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2012. Data on ten urinary phthalate metabolites, self-reported questionnaires, spirometry measures, and covariates were obtained from 7765 participants (28.1% were children aged 6-17 years) taking part in the NHANES 2007-2012. Asthma was assessed using self-reported questionnaires for children and adults, and via spirometry measures for adults alone. We used crude and adjusted logistic regression models to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) per one log10 unit change in the concentration of phthalate metabolites. We further modeled the effect modification by sex. Out of 10 metabolites, only mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) was positively associated with the prevalence of self-reported asthma in children, after adjusting for a range of potential confounders (odds ratio 1.54; 95% confidence interval 1.05-2.27). No significant relationship was observed for adults. The association of mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) was modified by sex, with significantly increased odds of asthma among males [boys (2.00; 1.14-3.51); adult males (1.32; 1.04-1.69)]. While no other phthalates showed a positive relationship with current asthma in males, mono-(carboxynonyl) phthalate (MCNP) and mono-(3-carboxylpropyl) phthalate (MCPP) were inversely associated with spirometrically defined asthma in adult females. A sex-specific relationship in adults was evident when spirometry, but not self-reported measures were used to define asthma. We found no clear association between exposure to phthalates and current asthma, except for a significant relationship between MBzP metabolites and self-reported asthma in children. As a result, exposure to phthalates and asthma development and/or exacerbations remains controversial, suggesting a need for a well-designed longitudinal study.

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Within-person compensation for snack energy by US adults, NHANES 2007-2014.

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