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Influence of starvation on walking behavior of Bagrada hilaris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).

ABSTRACT: Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an invasive stink bug species that feeds on cruciferous plants and can cause substantial damage to crops. Little is known about the dispersal behavior of B. hilaris, but movement is important because of the way this pest moves from senescing weed hosts into crop fields. Perhaps, B. hilaris residing on declining weed hosts become starved, which alters their normal locomotor activity and initiates dispersal. We examined the influence of starvation on the locomotor behavior of multiple life stages of B. hilaris under laboratory and outdoor conditions. We starved nymph (2nd/3rd and 4th/5th instars) and adult (female and male) stages for 0, 24, and 48 h. We measured distance moved in the laboratory and then distance moved and turning ratio outdoors. In the laboratory, the younger nymphs moved shortest distances when starved for 24 h, whereas late-instar nymphs (4th-5th instars) and adult B. hilaris that were starved moved farther than non-starved individuals. In the outdoor setting, environmental conditions, specifically surface temperature were important in determining how starvation affected distance moved. Starved insects were more responsive (moved farther) for a given change in temperature than non-starved insects. At lower temperatures, B. hilaris tended to move farther when non-starved and at higher temperatures, moved longer distances when starved, at least for certain stages. Increased starvation also led to more directional movement. Our results indicate that starvation influences aspects of movement for B. hilaris and that these effects can be influenced by temperature.

SUBMITTER: Grettenberger IM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6472788 | biostudies-literature | 2019

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:The Phyllocephalini is a group of herbivorous insects in Pentatomidae, which lack distinctive morphological characteristics and systematic studies. Up to now, there are only two complete mitochondrial genomes of Phyllocephalini have been reported. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the complete mitochondrial genomes of three Phyllocephalini species, Gonopsis coccinea, Gonopsimorpha nigrosignata, and Chalcopis glandulosus, which were 16,534, 16,531, and 16,534 bp in length, respectively. The mitochondrial genomes contained 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and a control region. The gene arrangement was consistent with that of the putative ancestral insect, with no rearrangement. The cox1 gene of Pentatomidae showed the lowest evolutionary rate among the protein-coding genes, the mean genetic distance of species, genera, and subfamilies of Pentatomidae increased hierarchically based on cox1 gene. The 16S rRNA of Pentatomidae was more conserved than 12S rRNA in sequence and secondary structure. All tRNAs could be folded into a typical cloverleaf structure except trnS1. The stem region was more conserved than the loop region in the secondary structure of tRNAs within Pentatomidae. Gonopsis coccinea and Gonopsimorpha nigrosignata had one type of tandem repetition unit in the control region, while C. glandulosus had two types. The heterogeneity analysis of Pentatomidae showed that Phyllocephalinae was the most heterogeneous. Phylogenetic trees based on the newly obtain mitochondrial genomes along with other 50 mitochondrial genomes of Pentatomidae using Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood strongly supported the following three relationships: (((Anaxilaus + (Plautia + Glaucias)) + (Nezara + Palomena)) + (Eysarcorini + Carpocorini)), (Hoplistoderini + (Menidini + Asopinae)), and ((Sephelini + Halyini) + (Caystrini + (Cappaeini + (Placosternum + Phyllocephalini)))). The relationships within Phyllocephalini were (Chalcopis + (Dalsira + (Gonopsimorpha + Gonopsis))). Our results provide valuable molecular data for further phylogenetic analyses of Pentatomidae.

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Influence of starvation on walking behavior of Bagrada hilaris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).

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