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Social Inequalities in Environmental Resources of Green and Blue Spaces: A Review of Evidence in the WHO European Region.

ABSTRACT: Residential green and blue spaces and their potential health benefits have received increasing attention in the context of environmental health inequalities, because an unequal social distribution of these resources may contribute to inequalities in health outcomes. This systematic review synthesised evidence of environmental inequalities, focusing on availability and accessibility measures of green and blue spaces. Studies in the World Health Organisation (WHO) European Region published between 2010 and 2017 were considered for the review. In total, 14 studies were identified, where most of them (n = 12) analysed inequalities of green spaces. The majority had an ecological study design that mostly applied deprivation indices on the small area level, whereas cross-sectional studies on the individual level mostly applied single social measures. Ecological studies consistently showed that deprived areas had lower green space availability than more affluent areas, whereas mixed associations were found for single social dimensions in cross-sectional studies on the individual level. In order to gain more insights into how various social dimensions are linked to the distribution of environmental resources within the WHO European Region, more studies are needed that apply comparable methods and study designs for analysing social inequalities in environmental resources.

SUBMITTER: Schule SA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6480666 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Social Inequalities in Environmental Resources of Green and Blue Spaces: A Review of Evidence in the WHO European Region.

Schüle Steffen Andreas SA Hilz Lisa Karla LK Dreger Stefanie S Bolte Gabriele G

International journal of environmental research and public health 20190404 7

Residential green and blue spaces and their potential health benefits have received increasing attention in the context of environmental health inequalities, because an unequal social distribution of these resources may contribute to inequalities in health outcomes. This systematic review synthesised evidence of environmental inequalities, focusing on availability and accessibility measures of green and blue spaces. Studies in the World Health Organisation (WHO) European Region published between ...[more]

PMID: 30987381

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Project description:BackgroundGreen spaces have been associated with improved mental health in children; however, available epidemiological evidence on their impact on child behavioral development is scarce.ObjectivesWe investigated the impact of contact with green spaces and blue spaces (beaches) on indicators of behavioral development and symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in schoolchildren.MethodsThis study was based on a sample of 2,111 schoolchildren (7-10 years of age) from 36 schools in Barcelona in 2012. We obtained data on time spent in green spaces and beaches and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaires (SDQ) from parents, and ADHD/DSM-IV questionnaires from teachers. Surrounding greenness was abstracted as the average Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in buffers of 100 m, 250 m, and 500 m around each home address. Proximity to green spaces was defined as living within 300 m of a major green space (? 0.05 km2). We applied quasi-Poisson mixed-effects models (with school random effect) to separately estimate associations between indicators of contact with green spaces and SDQ and ADHD total and subscale scores.ResultsWe generally estimated beneficial associations between behavioral indicators and longer time spent in green spaces and beaches, and with residential surrounding greenness. Specifically, we found statistically significant inverse associations between green space playing time and SDQ total difficulties, emotional symptoms, and peer relationship problems; between residential surrounding greenness and SDQ total difficulties and hyperactivity/inattention and ADHD/DSM-IV total and inattention scores; and between annual beach attendance and SDQ total difficulties, peer relationship problems, and prosocial behavior. For proximity to major green spaces, the results were not conclusive.ConclusionOur findings support beneficial impacts of contact with green and blue spaces on behavioral development in schoolchildren.

Dataset Information

Social Inequalities in Environmental Resources of Green and Blue Spaces: A Review of Evidence in the WHO European Region.

Publications

Social Inequalities in Environmental Resources of Green and Blue Spaces: A Review of Evidence in the WHO European Region.

Similar Datasets

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