Dataset Information

Botulinum Toxin Application in Facial Esthetics and Recent Treatment Indications (2013-2018).

ABSTRACT:

Background

Ever-changing perception of beauty from childhood to old age is changing with the revolution in cosmeceuticals science. Esthetics is an individual's perception since time immemorial. Standards of beauty have changed through centuries with increased awareness about esthetics. The face remains main source of information for identification and discrimination. It constitutes a structural ground for many nonverbal messages including the emotional state of a person, so the proverb "Face is an index of mind" holds good. The wrinkles and laxity are considered to be one of the factors for aging. Hence, escalating demand for cosmetic treatment to reduce facial wrinkles and laxity has stimulated us to search for published literature for nonsurgical techniques for enhancement of facial beauty. The review analyzed the published data to provide narrative basic review in a concise way to the beginners, clinicians, and students.

Materials and methods

We have adopted search criteria using keywords: Botox, Botulinum toxin, incobotulinumtoxinA, esthetics, face, uses of Botox, with various Boolean operators and or in title, and abstract using PubMed search engine. The database search limited to PubMed only from January 2013 to June 2018.

Results

Various search results have been appended as annexures at the end of the article for further reference for the readers. Finally, 17 references were selected to write narrative review to meet our objectives.

Conclusion

The advancing front in the use of toxins is an emerging science for the beautification of a face. Botox exploded in to market because of efficacy, tolerability, and minimally invasive nature. The present review gives brief about the history of Botulinum toxin, types, mechanism of action, clinical indications, preparations, storage, and technique for various uses with a brief note on patient selection, contraindications, and complications.

SUBMITTER: Kattimani V

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6489509 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Mar-Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Publications

Botulinum Toxin Application in Facial Esthetics and Recent Treatment Indications (2013-2018).

Kattimani Vivekanand V Tiwari Rahul Vinay Chandra RVC Gufran Khalid K Wasan Bharti B Shilpa P H PH Khader Anas Abdul AA

Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry 20190301 2

<h4>Background</h4>Ever-changing perception of beauty from childhood to old age is changing with the revolution in cosmeceuticals science. Esthetics is an individual's perception since time immemorial. Standards of beauty have changed through centuries with increased awareness about esthetics. The face remains main source of information for identification and discrimination. It constitutes a structural ground for many nonverbal messages including the emotional state of a person, so the proverb " ...[more]

PMID: 31058058

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Project description:BackgroundsBotulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) is extensively applied in spasticity and dystonia as it cleaves synaptosome-associated protein 25 (SNAP25) in the presynaptic terminals, thereby inhibiting neurotransmission. An increasing number of randomized clinical trials have suggested that glabellar BoNT/A injection improves depressive symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the underlying neuronal circuitry of BoNT/A-regulated depression remains largely uncharacterized.ResultsHere, we modeled MDD using mice subjected to chronic restraint stress (CRS). By pre-injecting BoNT/A into the unilateral whisker intrinsic musculature (WIM), and performing behavioral testing, we showed that pre-injection of BoNT/A attenuated despair- and anhedonia-like phenotypes in CRS mice. By applying immunostaining of BoNT/A-cleaved SNAP25 (cl.SNAP25197), subcellular spatial localization of SNAP25 with markers of cholinergic neurons (ChAT) and post-synaptic membrane (PSD95), and injection of monosynaptic retrograde tracer CTB-488-mixed BoNT/A to label the primary nucleus of the WIM, we demonstrated that BoNT/A axonal retrograde transported to the soma of whisker-innervating facial motoneurons (wFMNs) and subsequent transcytosis to synaptic terminals of second-order neurons induced central effects. Furthermore, using transsynaptic retrograde and monosynaptic antegrade viral neural circuit tracing with c-Fos brain mapping and co-staining of neural markers, we observed that the CRS-induced expression of c-Fos and CaMKII double-positive neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal grey (vlPAG), which sent afferents to wFMNs, was down-regulated 3 weeks after BoNT/A facial pre-administration. Strikingly, the repeated and targeted silencing of the wFMNs-projecting CaMKII-positive neurons in vlPAG with a chemogenetic approach via stereotactic injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus into specific brain regions of CRS mice mimicked the antidepressant-like action of BoNT/A pre-treatment. Conversely, repeated chemogenetic activation of this potential subpopulation counteracted the BoNT/A-improved significant antidepressant behavior.ConclusionWe reported for the first time that BoNT/A inhibited the wFMNs-projecting vlPAG excitatory neurons through axonal retrograde transport and cell-to-cell transcytosis from the injected location of the WIM to regulate depressive-like phenotypes of CRS mice. For the limited and the reversibility of side effects, BoNT/A has substantial advantages and potential application in MDD.

Project description:ImportanceBotulinum toxin neuromodulators are an important treatment for facial synkinesis. Whether a difference in efficacy exists among the 3 different botulinum neuromodulators used in treating this condition remains unknown.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of 3 commercially available botulinum toxin neuromodulators in the treatment of facial synkinesis.Design, setting, and participantsIn this single-blind, 3-arm comparison randomized clinical trial, 28 patients at the Facial Nerve Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, were randomized to onabotulinumtoxinA, abobotulinumtoxinA, or incobotulinumtoxinA treatment. Each patient was given the Synkinesis Assessment Questionnaire (SAQ) to assess severity of synkinesis before treatment and 1, 2, and 4 weeks after treatment, and improvements were compared among the groups. Data were collected from July 3, 2012, to March 31, 2015.InterventionsBotulinum toxin type A neuromodulator (onabotulinumtoxinA, abobotulinumtoxinA, or incobotulinumtoxinA) injected into synkinetic areas of the face.Main outcomes and measuresSynkinesis assessed using the SAQ (score range, 20-100; lower scores indicate less severe synkinesis) before treatment and 1, 2, and 4 weeks after treatment.ResultsA total of 28 patients (mean [SD] age, 49.1 [18.5] years; 8 [28.6%] male and 20 [71.4%] female), with 6 patients enrolled multiple times, received 38 treatments (15 onabotulinumtoxinA, 13 abobotulinumtoxinA, and 10 incobotulinumtoxinA). No significant difference existed in baseline pretreatment SAQ scores among the 3 groups. Mean (SD) SAQ score improvement at 4 weeks was 41% (31%) for the onabotulinumtoxinA, 42% (20%) for the abobotulinumtoxinA, and 17% (18%) for the incobotulinumtoxinA groups. No significant differences were noted in SAQ score improvements among the 3 groups at weeks 1 and 2 after treatment (week 1 mean improvements of 42% in the onabotulinumtoxinA, 45% in the abobotulinumtoxinA, and 26% in the incobotulinumtoxinA groups; P = .19; week 2 mean improvements of 43% in the onabotulinumtoxinA, 46% in the abobotulinumtoxinA, and 28% in the incobotulinumtoxinA groups; P = .20). The difference in mean SAQ score improvement for abobotulinumtoxinA vs incobotulinumtoxinA from pretreatment to 4 weeks after treatment was not significant (30 vs 12 points; P = .11) despite a significant difference in mean total SAQ score for abobotulinumtoxinA vs incobotulinumtoxinA (40.34 vs 58.00; P = .02).Conclusions and relevanceAbobotulinumtoxinA had similar efficacy to onabotulinumtoxinA and incobotulinumtoxinA for the management of facial synkinesis up to 4 weeks after treatment. IncobotulinumtoxinA had significantly less effect on SAQ score improvement than onabotulinumtoxinA at 4 weeks, perhaps because of the shorter duration of action. Shorter intervals between treatments or larger doses may be required when using incobotulinumtoxinA treatment for facial synkinesis.Trial registrationclinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT03048383.Level of evidence1.

Dataset Information

Botulinum Toxin Application in Facial Esthetics and Recent Treatment Indications (2013-2018).

Background

Materials and methods

Results

Conclusion

Publications

Botulinum Toxin Application in Facial Esthetics and Recent Treatment Indications (2013-2018).

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