Genetic diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia is associated with a premature and high coronary heart disease risk.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Seguro F
PROVIDER: S-EPMC6489920 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Mar
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Genetic diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia is associated with a premature and high coronary heart disease risk.
Séguro Florent F Rabès Jean-Pierre JP Taraszkiewicz Dorota D Ruidavets Jean-Bernard JB Bongard Vanina V Ferrières Jean J
Clinical cardiology 20180325 3
<h4>Background</h4>Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a common autosomal dominant disease associated with premature coronary heart disease (CHD). Studies tend to show that patients with FH associated with an identified mutation (mutation+ FH) are at higher risk than patients without an identified mutation (mutation- FH). We compared the clinical and biological profile and the risk of CHD in patients with mutation+ FH and mutation- FH.<h4>Hypothesis</h4>In addition to LDL-C, a pathogenic mutat ...[more]
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Project description:AimsRecent large association studies have revealed associations between genetic polymorphisms and myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease (CHD). We performed a replication study of 10 polymorphisms and CHD in a population with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), individuals at extreme risk of CHD.Methods and resultsWe genotyped 10 polymorphisms in 2145 FH patients and studied the association between these polymorphisms and CHD in Cox proportional hazards models. We confirmed the associations between four polymorphisms and CHD, the rs1151640 polymorphism in the olfactory receptor family 13 subfamily G member 1 (OR13G1) gene (HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.01-1.28, P = 0.03), the rs11881940 polymorphism in the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U-like 1 (HNRPUL1) gene (HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.07-1.51, P = 0.007), the rs3746731 polymorphism in the complement component 1 q subcomponent receptor 1 (CD93) gene (HR 1.26, 95% CI 1.06-1.49, P = 0.01), and the rs10757274 polymorphism near the cyclin-dependent kinase N2A and N2B (CDKN2A and CDKN2B) genes (HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.15-1.69, P < 0.001).ConclusionWe confirmed previously found associations between four polymorphisms and CHD, but refuted associations for six other polymorphisms in our large FH population. These findings stress the importance of replication before genetic information can be implemented in the prediction of CHD.
| S-EPMC2733738 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Mutations in the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene cause familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), a disorder characterized by coronary heart disease (CHD) at young age. We aimed to apply an extreme sampling method to enhance the statistical power to identify novel genetic risk variants for CHD in individuals with FH. We selected cases and controls with an extreme contrast in CHD risk from 17,000 FH patients from the Netherlands, whose functional LDLR mutation was unequivocally established. The genome-wide association (GWA) study was performed on 249 very young FH cases with CHD and 217 old FH controls without CHD (above 65 years for males and 70 years of age for females) using the Illumina HumanHap550K chip. In the next stage, two independent samples (one from the Netherlands and one from Italy, Norway, Spain, and the United Kingdom) of FH patients were used as replication samples. In the initial GWA analysis, we identified 29 independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with suggestive associations with premature CHD (P<1 × 10(-4)). We examined the association of these SNPs with CHD risk in the replication samples. After Bonferroni correction, none of the SNPs either replicated or reached genome-wide significance after combining the discovery and replication samples. Therefore, we conclude that the genetics of CHD risk in FH is complex and even applying an 'extreme genetics' approach we did not identify new genetic risk variants. Most likely, this method is not as effective in leveraging effect size as anticipated, and may, therefore, not lead to significant gains in statistical power.
| S-EPMC4326701 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an underdiagnosed genetic inherited condition that may lead to premature coronary artery disease (CAD). FH has an estimated prevalence in the general population of about 1:313. However, its prevalence in patients with premature STEMI (ST-elevation myocardial infarction) has not been widely studied. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of FH in patients with premature STEMI. Cardiovascular risk factors, LDLc (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) evolution, and differences between genders were also evaluated. Consecutive patients were referred for cardiac catheterization to our center due to STEMI suspicion in 2018. From the 80 patients with confirmed premature CAD (men < 55 and women < 60 years old with confirmed CAD), 56 (48 men and eight women) accepted to be NGS sequenced for the main FH genes. Clinical information and DLCN (Dutch Lipid Clinic Network) score were analyzed. Only one male patient had probable FH (6-7 points) and no one reached a clinically definite diagnosis. Genetic testing confirmed that the only patient with a DLCN score ≥6 has HF (1.8%). Smoking and high BMI the most frequent cardiovascular risk factors (>80%). Despite high doses of statins being expected to reduce LDLc levels at STEMI to current dyslipidemia guidelines LDL targets (<55 mg/dL), LDLc control levels were out of range. Although still 5.4 times higher than in general population, the prevalence of FH in premature CAD is still low (1.8%). To improve the genetic yield, genetic screening may be considered among patients with probable or definite FH according to clinical criteria. The classical cardiovascular risk factors prevalence far exceeds FH prevalence in patients with premature STEMI. LDLc control levels after STEMI were out range, despite intensive hypolipemiant treatment. These findings reinforce the need for more aggressive preventive strategies in the young and for intensive lipid-lowering therapy in secondary prevention.
| S-EPMC7692119 | biostudies-literature
Project description:For patients with autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia (ADH), it remains unclear whether differences exist in the risk of premature coronary heart disease (CHD) between patients with confirmed mutations in low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) vs those without detectable mutations.This study sought to assess the risk of premature CHD in ADH patients with mutations in LDLR (referred to as familial hypercholesterolemia [FH]) vs those without detectable mutations (unexplained ADH), stratified by sex.Comparative study of premature CHD in a multiethnic cohort of 111 men and 165 women meeting adult Simon-Broome criteria for ADH.Women with FH (n = 51) had an increased risk of premature CHD compared with unexplained ADH women (n = 111; hazard ratio [HR], 2.74; 95% confidence interval, 1.40-5.34; P = .003) even after adjustment for lipid levels and traditional CHD risk factors (HR, 2.53 [1.10-5.83]; P = .005). Men with FH (n = 42), in contrast, had a similar risk of premature CHD when compared with unexplained ADH men (n = 66; unadjusted: HR, 1.48 [0.84-2.63]; P = .18; adjusted: HR, 1.04 [0.46-2.37]; P = .72). To address whether mutation status provides additional information beyond LDL-cholesterol level, we analyzed premature CHD risk for FH vs unexplained ADH at various percentiles of LDL-cholesterol: the risk ratios were significant for women at 25th percentile (HR, 4.90 [1.69-14.19]) and 50th percentile (HR, 3.44 [1.42-8.32]) but not at 75th percentile (HR, 1.99 [0.95-4.17]), and were not significant for men at any percentile.Our findings suggest that genetic confirmation of ADH may be important to identify patient's risk of CHD, especially for female LDLR mutation carriers.
| S-EPMC4761103 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Patients with monogenic familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) have high risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). A recent FH Expert Panel suggested that FH was underdiagnosed and undertreated which needs early diagnosis. Moreover, the proportion of DNA-confirmed FH patients hospitalized with very early-onset (??35 years) CAD remains uncertain. METHODS:One hundred and five patients with age???35 years and LDL-C???3.4 mmol/L were tested for 9 genes (LDLR, APOB, PCSK9, APOE, STAP1, LIPA, LDLRAP1, ABCG5/8). Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (DLCN) and Simon Broome (SB) criteria for FH were also performed. RESULTS:The prevalence of genetically confirmed FH was 38.1% (n?=?40) in 105 patients. DLCN categorized 26.7% patients to probable and definite FH while SB identified 17.1% of patients with possible to definite FH. Twenty-five (62.5%) and seventeen (42.5%) patients with pathogenic mutations were undiagnosed according to SB and DLCN criteria. FH variant carriers, especially homozygotes, had significantly higher plasma LDL-C levels. The best LDL-C threshold for genetically confirmed FH was 4.56 mmol/L in the present study. CONCLUSIONS:FH is really a common cause for very young CAD patients (??35 years) with a 38.1% of causative mutations in China and best LDL-C threshold for predicting mutations was 4.56 mmol/L. The underdiagnostic rate of clinical criteria was around 42.5-62.5%, suggesting that the expanded genetic testing could indeed promote the diagnosis of FH.
| S-EPMC6288904 | biostudies-other
Project description:ImportanceFamilial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is the most common inherited cardiovascular disease and carries significant morbidity and mortality risks. Genetic testing can identify affected individuals, but some array-based assays screen only a small subset of known pathogenic variants.ObjectiveTo identify the number of clinically significant variants associated with FH that would be missed by an array-based, limited-variant screen when compared with next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based comprehensive testing.Design, setting, and participantsThis cross-sectional study compared comprehensive genetic test results for clinically significant variants associated with FH with results for a subset of 24 variants screened by a limited-variant array. Data were deidentified next-generation sequencing results from indication-based or proactive gene panels. Individuals receiving next-generation sequencing-based genetic testing, either for an FH indication between November 2015 and June 2020 or as proactive health screening between February 2016 and June 2020 were included. Ancestry was reported by clinicians who could select from preset options or enter free text on the test requisition form.Main outcomes and measuresNumber of pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants identified.ResultsThis study included 4563 individuals who were referred for FH diagnostic testing and 6482 individuals who received next-generation sequencing of FH-associated genes as part of a proactive genetic test. Among individuals in the indication cohort, the median (interquartile range) age at testing was 49 (32-61) years, 55.4% (2528 of 4563) were female, and 63.6% (2902 of 4563) were self-reported White/Caucasian. In the indication cohort, the positive detection rate would have been 8.4% (382 of 4563) for a limited-variant screen compared with the 27.0% (1230 of 4563) observed with the next-generation sequencing-based comprehensive test. As a result, 68.9% (848 of 1230) of individuals with a P/LP finding in an FH-associated gene would have been missed by the limited screen. The potential for missed findings in the indication cohort varied by ancestry; among individuals with a P/LP finding, 93.7% (59 of 63) of self-reported Black/African American individuals and 84.7% (122 of 144) of Hispanic individuals would have been missed by the limited-variant screen, compared with 33.3% (4 of 12) of Ashkenazi Jewish individuals. In the proactive cohort, the prevalence of clinically significant FH variants was approximately 1:191 per the comprehensive test, and 61.8% (21 of 34) of individuals with an FH-associated P/LP finding would have been missed by a limited-variant screen.Conclusions and relevanceLimited-variant screens may falsely reassure the majority of individuals at risk for FH that they do not carry a disease-causing variant, especially individuals of self-reported Black/African American and Hispanic ancestry.
| S-EPMC8156154 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundFamilial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an inherited condition of elevated serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol leading to premature coronary heart disease. We evaluated whether FH mutations are independently associated with the development of myocardial infarction (MI), after adjusting for LDL cholesterol level and clinical risk factors.MethodsIn 182 unrelated patients from different families referred with clinically suspected FH, targeted next-generation DNA sequencing was performed on 73 lipid-related genes and 178 single nucleotide polymorphisms, at 300-times mean read depth, to identify monogenic mutations and high-risk single nucleotide polymorphisms.ResultsPathogenic FH mutations were identified in 27% of patients. Patients with mutations, compared with those without, were 12 years younger when referred to the lipid clinic (P < 0.001) and had higher baseline and post-treatment LDL cholesterol by 1.11 mmol/L (P < 0.001) and 0.62 mmol/L (P = 0.01), respectively. The hazard ratio for premature MI with respect to having an FH mutation, controlling for sex, hypertension, body mass index, diabetes, LDL cholesterol, and smoking, was 4.51 (P = 0.002).ConclusionFH is a genetically diverse condition. FH mutations are independently associated with higher risk of premature MI in patients referred for hypercholesterolemia. Therefore, genotyping could guide cardiovascular risk stratification in the personalized treatment of FH.
| S-EPMC7063643 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is considered the genetic cause of coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke. FH is mainly an autosomal codominant pattern-based disorder and is primarily determined by point mutations within the low-density lipoprotein receptor, apolipoprotein B, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 genes, causing increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the serum of untreated individuals. The accumulation will eventually lead to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Although clinical criteria comprising several prognosis scores, such as the Simon Broome, Dutch Lipid Clinic Network, Make Early Diagnosis to Prevent Early Death, and the recently proposed Montreal-FH-SCORE, are the conventional basis of diagnosing FH, the genetic diagnosis made by single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis, and sequencing (both Sanger and Next-Generation sequencing) offers unequivocal diagnosis. Given the heterogeneity of known mutations, the genetic diagnosis of FH is often difficult to establish, despite the growing evidence of the causative mutations, as well as the polygenic aspect of this pathology and the importance of cascade screening of the FH patient‚s healthy family members. This review article details different genetic techniques that can be used in FH identification when there is a clinical FH suspicion based on criteria comprised in prognosis scores, knowing that none of these are exhaustive in the diagnosis, yet they efficaciously overlap and complement each other for confirming the disease at the molecular level.
| S-EPMC7222642 | biostudies-literature
Project description:RationaleFamilial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a common inherited cause of coronary heart disease (CHD) and premature death in an early age. Nevertheless, an ischemic heart failure (IHF) associated with FH seems to be rare, and an early diagnosis and therapy could influence the prognosis.Patient concernsIn this 13-year-old girl, multiple xanthomas began to develop from the first day of birth. Until June, 2017, she was admitted to our center due to edema, oliguria, and dyspnea during exertion, which was attributed to a recent respiratory infection.DiagnosisHomozygous FH (HoFH), CHD, and IHF.InterventionsThe patient has been treated with statin, ezetimibe, aspirin, and traditional heart failure (HF) medications. In addition, the beta-blocker was simultaneously administered.OutcomesGenotypes of this proband indicated homozygous mutations of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and some co-segregated mutations, such as von Willebrand factor (VWF) and fibroblast growth factor receptors. At 6-month follow-up, we found a decreased level of plasma lipid profile, in addition to a significant improvement in 6-minute walk distance and functional class. Echocardiography indicated nonsignificant improvements in the structure and function of the heart.LessonsThis case report indicates that HoFH can lead to dramatically progressive endothelial damages and ventricular remodeling, severe atherosclerosis, even IHF. Genetic outcomes indicate IHF with HoFH could possibly result from LDLR mutations and some co-segregated mutations influencing endothelial function and cardiovascular remodeling. In a short-term follow-up, a combination of statins, ezetimibe, aspirin, and traditional HF agents is safe and effective for IHF with HoFH, and there is a need for further identification of drugs to ameliorate endothelial function and cardiovascular remodeling which may play an important role in long-term treatment.
| S-EPMC6211926 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundFamilial hypercholesterolemia (FH) has been associated with early coronary artery disease (CAD) and increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, the prevalence of FH and its long-term outcomes in a CAD-high-risk cohort, defined as patients with hypercholesteremia who underwent coronary angiography, remains unknown. Besides, studies regarding the impact of genetic variations in FH on long-term cardiovascular (CV) outcomes are scarce.Methods and resultsIn total, 285 patients hospitalized for coronary angiography with blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels ≥ 160 mg/dL were sequenced to detect FH genetic variations in LDL receptors apolipoprotein B and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9. Risk factors associated with long-term CV outcomes were evaluated. The prevalence of FH was high (14.4%). CAD and early CAD were significantly more prevalent among FH variation carriers than non-carriers, despite comparable blood LDL-C levels. Moreover, the FH variation carriers also underwent more revascularization after a mean follow-up of 6.1 years. Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that FH genetic variation was associated with increased incidence of cardiovascular disease and mortality (odds ratio = 3.17, p = 0.047). Two common FH variants, LDLR c.986G>A and LDLR c.268G>A, showed the most significant impacts on high blood LDL-C levels and early-onset CAD.ConclusionsOur results indicate that FH genetic variants may exhibit differential effects on early-onset CAD and revascularization risks in patients undergoing coronary angiography. FH genetic information might help identify high-risk patients with typical CAD symptoms for appropriate intervention.
| S-EPMC8467756 | biostudies-literature