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In silico analysis and experimental validation of azelastine hydrochloride (N4) targeting sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) in HBV therapy.

ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVES:The aim of this study was to explore sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) exerting its function with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and its targeted candidate compounds, in HBV therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Identification of NTCP as a novel HBV target for screening candidate small molecules, was used by phylogenetic analysis, network construction, molecular modelling, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. In vitro virological examination, q-PCR, western blotting and cytotoxicity studies were used for validating efficacy of the candidate compound. RESULTS:We used the phylogenetic analysis of NTCP and constructed its protein-protein network. Also, we screened compounds from Drugbank and ZINC, among which five were validated for their authentication in HepG 2.2.15 cells. Then, we selected compound N4 (azelastine hydrochloride) as the most potent of them. This showed good inhibitory activity against HBsAg (IC50 = 7.5 ?m) and HBeAg (IC50 = 3.7 ?m), as well as high SI value (SI = 4.68). Further MD simulation results supported good interaction between compound N4 and NTCP. CONCLUSIONS:In silico analysis and experimental validation together demonstrated that compound N4 can target NTCP in HepG2.2.15 cells, which may shed light on exploring it as a potential anti-HBV drug.

SUBMITTER: Fu LL

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6495540 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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In silico analysis and experimental validation of azelastine hydrochloride (N4) targeting sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) in HBV therapy.

Fu L-L LL Liu J J Chen Y Y Wang F-T FT Wen X X Liu H-Q HQ Wang M-Y MY Ouyang L L Huang J J Bao J-K JK Wei Y-Q YQ

Cell proliferation 20140626 4

<h4>Objectives</h4>The aim of this study was to explore sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) exerting its function with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and its targeted candidate compounds, in HBV therapy.<h4>Materials and methods</h4>Identification of NTCP as a novel HBV target for screening candidate small molecules, was used by phylogenetic analysis, network construction, molecular modelling, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. In vitro virological examination, ...[more]

PMID: 24965018

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Project description:Hepatitis B virus (HBV) may directly infect human podocytes (HPCs). However, the mechanism of direct infection is unclear. We found that HPCs express sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), a specific receptor for HBV entry into hepatocytes. Thus, we investigated whether NTCP mediates HBV infection and damage in HPCs and further clarified the specific mechanism. We constructed shRNA-NTCP1,2, shRNA-NC, WT-NTCP, and MUT-NTCP and transfected them into HPCs. HPCs were infected with HBV, and HBV infection markers were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The functional changes in HPCs were detected by Transwell migration and scratch assays, apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry (FCM), and podocytoskeletal proteins (nephrin, CD2AP, and synaptopodin) were determined by western blotting (WB). Compared with the control HPCs, HPCs infected with HBV showed increased levels of HBV infection markers and apoptosis along with decreased podocytoskeletal protein expressions, cell vitality, proliferation, and migration. Compared with the HPCs infected with HBV, the HPCs transfected with HBV + shRNA-NTCP, and HBV + MUT-NTCP showed decreased levels of HBV infection markers and apoptosis along with increased podocytoskeletal protein expressions, cell vitality, proliferation, and migration; the opposite effects were observed in the HPCs transfected with HBV + WT-NTCP. Overall, the changes to NTCP affected the susceptibility of HPCs to HBV and modulated HPC damage and repair. NTCP can mediate direct HBV infection and damage human podocytes, and the NTCP 157-165 locus is the main site of HBV entry. The findings provide a new target and theoretical basis for HBV-associated glomerulonephritis.ImportanceThis study identified for the first time that sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) can mediate HBV direct infection and damage to human podocytes, and the NTCP157-165 locus is the main HBV entry site. The findings provide theoretical support for the pathogenesis of direct infection of HBV with kidney tissue. The findings provide a new target and theoretical basis for the treatment of HBV-related glomerulonephritis (HBV-GN). Blocking NTCP is a new target for the treatment of HBV-GN. We found that tacrolimus, a calcineurin inhibitor that blocks NTCP, can effectively treat HBV-GN. This study also provides a theoretical basis for the effective and safe treatment of immunosuppressant tacrolimus for HBV-GN.

Project description:Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP, gene symbol SLC10A1) is a hepatic bile acid uptake carrier participating in the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. Apart from its transporter function, NTCP acts as the high-affinity liver-specific receptor for the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which attaches via its preS1-peptide domain of the large surface protein to NTCP, subsequently leading to endocytosis of the virus/NTCP-receptor complex. Although the process of NTCP-dependent HBV infection of hepatocytes has received much attention over the last decade, the precise molecular sites of the virus/NTCP interaction have not been fully identified. Inspection of the primary protein sequence of human NTCP revealed 139YIYSRGIY146 as a highly conserved tyrosine-rich motif. To study the role of Y139, Y141 and Y146 amino acids in NTCP biology, the aforementioned residues were substituted with alanine, phenylalanine or glutamate (mimicking phosphorylation) using site-directed mutagenesis. Similar to wt NTCP, the Y139A, Y141A, Y146A, Y141F, Y146F, and Y146E mutants were expressed at the plasma membrane of HEK293 cells and exhibited intact bile acid transport function. Y146A, Y146E, and Y146F demonstrated transport kinetics comparable to wild-type NTCP with Km values of 57.3-112.4 µM and Vmax values of 6683-7579 pmol/mg protein/min. Only Y141E was transport deficient, most likely due to an intracellular accumulation of the mutant protein. Most importantly, Y146A and Y146E mutation completely abrogated binding of the viral preS1-peptide to NTCP, while the Y146F mutant of NTCP showed some residual binding competence for preS1. Consequently, the NTCP mutants Y146A and Y146E, when expressed in HepG2 hepatoma cells, showed complete loss of susceptibility for in vitro HBV infection. In conclusion, tyrosine 146, and to some extent tyrosine 141, both belonging to the tyrosine-rich motif 139YIYSRGIY146 of human NTCP, are newly identified amino acid residues that play an essential role in the interaction of HBV with its receptor NTCP and, thus, in the process of virus entry into hepatocytes.

Dataset Information

In silico analysis and experimental validation of azelastine hydrochloride (N4) targeting sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) in HBV therapy.

Publications

In silico analysis and experimental validation of azelastine hydrochloride (N4) targeting sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) in HBV therapy.

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