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Evolutionary drivers of kype size in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): domestication, age and genetics.

ABSTRACT: The diversity of reproduction and associated mating patterns in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) has long captivated evolutionary biologists. Salmo salar exhibit strategies involving migration, bold mating behaviours and radical morphological and physiological change. One such radical change is the elongation and curvature of the lower jaw in sexually mature males into a hook-like appendage called the kype. The kype is a secondary sexual characteristic used in mating hierarchies and a prime candidate for sexual selection. As one of the core global aquaculture fish species, however, mate choice, and thus sexual selection, has been replaced by industrial artificial fertilization seeking to develop more commercially viable strains. Removal of mate choice provides a unique opportunity to examine the kype over successive generations in the absence of sexual selection. Here we use a large-scale common-garden experiment, incorporating six experimental strains (wild, farmed and wild × farmed hybrids), experiencing one to three sea winters, to assess the impact of age and genetic background. After controlling for allometry, fork length-adjusted kype height (AKH) was significantly reduced in the domesticated strain in comparison to two wild strains. Furthermore, genetic variation at a locus on linkage group SSA1 was associated with kype height, and a locus on linkage group SSA23 was associated with fork length-adjusted kype length (AKL). The reduction in fork length-AKH in domesticated salmon suggests that the kype is of importance in mate choice and that it has decreased due to relaxation of sexual selection. Fork length-AKL showed an increase in domesticated individuals, highlighting that it may not be an important cue in mate choice. These results give us insight into the evolutionary significance of the kype, as well as implications of genetic induced phenotypic change caused by domesticated individuals escaping into the natural environment.

SUBMITTER: Perry WB

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6502380 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Evolutionary drivers of kype size in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): domestication, age and genetics.

Perry William Bernard WB Solberg Monica Favnebøe MF Besnier Francois F Dyrhovden Lise L Matre Ivar Helge IH Fjelldal Per Gunnar PG Ayllon Fernando F Creer Simon S Llewellyn Martin M Taylor Martin I MI Carvalho Gary G Glover Kevin Alan KA

Royal Society open science 20190417 4

The diversity of reproduction and associated mating patterns in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) has long captivated evolutionary biologists. Salmo salar exhibit strategies involving migration, bold mating behaviours and radical morphological and physiological change. One such radical change is the elongation and curvature of the lower jaw in sexually mature males into a hook-like appendage called the kype. The kype is a secondary sexual characteristic used in mating hierarchies and a ...[more]

PMID: 31183145

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Project description:The high-affinity/low-capacity system Slc15a2 (PepT2) is responsible for the reuptake of di/tripeptides from the renal proximal tubule, but it also operates in many other tissues and organs. Information regarding PepT2 in teleost fish is limited and, to date, functional data are available from the zebrafish (Danio rerio) only. Here, we report the identification of two slc15a2 genes in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) genome, namely slc15a2a and slc15a2b. The two encoded PepT2 proteins share 87% identity and resemble both structurally and functionally the canonical vertebrate PepT2 system. The mRNA tissue distribution analyses reveal a widespread distribution of slc15a2a transcripts, being more abundant in the brain and gills, while slc15a2b transcripts are mainly expressed in the kidney and the distal part of the gastrointestinal tract. The function of the two transporters was investigated by heterologous expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes and two-electrode voltage-clamp recordings of transport and presteady-state currents. Both PepT2a and PepT2b in the presence of Gly-Gln elicit pH-dependent and Na+ independent inward currents. The biophysical and kinetic analysis of the recorded currents defined the transport properties, confirming that the two Atlantic salmon PepT2 proteins behave as high-affinity/low-capacity transporters. The recent structures and the previous kinetic schemes of rat and human PepT2 qualitatively account for the characteristics of the two Atlantic salmon proteins. This study is the first to report on the functional expression of two PepT2-type transporters that operate in the same vertebrate organism as a result of (a) gene duplication process(es). KEY POINTS: Two slc15a2-type genes, slc15a2a and slc15a2b coding for PepT2-type peptide transporters were found in the Atlantic salmon. slc15a2a transcripts, widely distributed in the fish tissues, are abundant in the brain and gills, while slc15a2b transcripts are mainly expressed in the kidney and distal gastrointestinal tract. Amino acids involved in vertebrate Slc15 transport function are conserved in PepT2a and PepT2b proteins. Detailed kinetic analysis indicates that both PepT2a and PepT2b operate as high-affinity transporters. The kinetic schemes and structures proposed for the mammalian models of PepT2 are suitable to explain the function of the two Atlantic salmon transporters.

Dataset Information

Evolutionary drivers of kype size in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): domestication, age and genetics.

Publications

Evolutionary drivers of kype size in Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>): domestication, age and genetics.

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