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The influence of exercise training dose on fasting acylated ghrelin concentration in older women.

ABSTRACT: This study investigated if exercise dose affected acylated ghrelin response to exercise training, and how body weight or fat mass changes might affect the responses. Non-obese older women (n?=?49) were randomly assigned to 4-month moderate-intensity aerobic exercise of one of two doses (8 or 14 kcal kg-1 body weight weekly). Following exercise training, fasting acylated ghrelin concentrations changed differently between the two groups (p for group?×?time interaction?=?0.050). It decreased in the moderate-dose (Cohen's d?=?0.52, p?=?0.019), but did not change in the low-dose exercise group. Adjustment for weight or fat changes did not affect these results. Therefore, exercise training dose can have specific effects on acylated ghrelin that are not dependent on weight or fat loss. However, whether the different acylated ghrelin changes are associated with differing degree of subsequent weight maintenance worth further investigation.

SUBMITTER: Bowyer KP

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6525072 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The influence of exercise training dose on fasting acylated ghrelin concentration in older women.

Bowyer Kimberly P KP Carson James A JA Davis J Mark JM Wang Xuewen X

Journal of behavioral medicine 20181117 3

This study investigated if exercise dose affected acylated ghrelin response to exercise training, and how body weight or fat mass changes might affect the responses. Non-obese older women (n = 49) were randomly assigned to 4-month moderate-intensity aerobic exercise of one of two doses (8 or 14 kcal kg<sup>-1</sup> body weight weekly). Following exercise training, fasting acylated ghrelin concentrations changed differently between the two groups (p for group × time interaction = 0.050). It decre ...[more]

PMID: 30448936

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Exercise training modifies the whole-blood methylation profile in middle-aged and older women

Project description:This is a prospective longitudinal study that aimed to investigate whether physical training would modify the whole blood methylation profile in healthy women. A total of 43 individuals were involved in a physical training protocol during a 7-week follow-up, consisting of cardiorespiratory aerobic and muscular strength exercises. Subjects were after 7 weeks of physical training (POST 7). Primary functional outcomes included anthropometric, blood pressure, biochemical measurements, physical tests, and global health assessments. Blood samples were collected at each time point to determine the methylation profile using a DNA methylation array technique to track up to 850,000 different sites. Exercise training lowered blood pressure and triglyceride levels and improved physical performance, including maximal strength in the upper and lower body. Furthermore, physical training improved quality of life markers. By entering the differentially methylated sites into the pathway analysis, we found several pathways involved in the regulation of whole-body metabolism, including AMPK signaling, TGF-beta signaling, and insulin signaling. This study demonstrates that exercise training promotes a robust change in whole blood methylation profile and provides new insights into key regulators of exercise-induced benefits.

2024-06-26 | GSE270856 | GEO

Preliminary evidence of acylated ghrelin association with depression severity in postmenopausal women.

Project description:We have previously shown increased depression and anxiety scores in postmenopausal overweight women, when compared to overweight premenopausal women. The mechanisms responsible for these alterations are not understood. Although ghrelin involvement in mood modulation has been suggested, its role is still ambiguous and has not been evaluated in postmenopause. Here we investigated the association of ghrelin with depression and anxiety symptoms in postmenopausal women. Fifty-five postmenopausal women with depression symptoms, who were not in use of hormones or antidepressants, were included in the study. Depression symptoms were evaluated by Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and anxiety symptoms were evaluated by Beck's Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Women were allocated into three groups, according to BDI classification of mild, moderate, or severe depression symptoms. Anthropometric, biochemical and hormonal parameters were analyzed. Total and acylated ghrelin levels were higher in the severe depression than in the mild depression group. Multivariate regression analyses showed positive associations of BDI scores with acylated ghrelin and BMI, and of PHQ-9 scores with acylated ghrelin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). BAI scores associated positively with waist-to-hip ratio. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of an association between acylated ghrelin and the severity of depression symptoms in postmenopausal women. This association may reflect either a physiological response aimed at fighting against depression symptoms or a causal factor of this mental disorder.

| S-EPMC7935977 | biostudies-literature

Energy expenditure responses to exercise training in older women.

Project description:Previous studies have shown inconsistent findings regarding how structured exercise affects energy expenditure (EE). This study was designed to determine the changes in EE and physical activity following exercise training in older women. Nonobese (body mass index = 25.8 ± 3.4 kg·m-2) women (60-75 years, n = 72) completed a 4-month supervised aerobic exercise training of lower- or higher-dose (33.6 and 58.8 kJ·kg-1 body weight weekly, respectively) at 50-55% of heart rate reserve. Total daily EE (TDEE) by the doubly labeled water method, resting metabolic rate (RMR) via indirect calorimetry, and physical activity by accelerometer were determined before and at the end of exercise training. Nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) was calculated. Following exercise training, the changes in components of TDEE and total physical activity did not differ by group. In the entire sample, TDEE, RMR, NEAT and total physical activity did not change (P > 0.05 for all). However, a significant baseline physical activity × time interaction was found for several of the variables. Data were therefore stratified into tertiles of baseline physical activity. In the high tertile, TDEE remained unchanged, but total physical activity decreased (P = 0.012). In contrast, in the middle and low tertiles, NEAT remained unchanged, and total physical activity increased (P < 0.05 for both). In conclusion, aerobic exercise training did not change TDEE, RMR, NEAT, or total physical activity in this sample of older women. Exercise dose did not, but baseline physical activity levels might, influence EE responses and total physical activity changes.

| S-EPMC5555889 | biostudies-literature

Stomach regulates energy balance via acylated ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin.

Project description:Background/aimsThe gastric peptide ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for growth-hormone secretagogue receptor, has two major molecular forms: acylated ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin. Acylated ghrelin induces a positive energy balance, while desacyl ghrelin has been reported to be devoid of any endocrine activities. The authors examined the effects of desacyl ghrelin on energy balance.MethodsThe authors measured food intake, gastric emptying, c-Fos expression in the hypothalamus, and gene expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides in mice after administration of desacyl ghrelin. To explore the effects of long term overexpression of desacyl ghrelin, transgenic mice that overexpressed desacyl ghrelin were created.ResultsAdministration of desacyl ghrelin decreased food intake and gastric emptying rate through an action on the paraventricular nucleus and the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus. Gene expression of anorexigenic cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript and urocortin in the hypothalamus was increased by desacyl ghrelin. Desacyl ghrelin overexpressing mice exhibited a decrease in body weight, food intake, and fat pad mass weight accompanied by moderately decreased linear growth. Gastric emptying was also decreased in desacyl ghrelin overexpressing mice.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that in contrast to acylated ghrelin, desacyl ghrelin induces a negative energy balance by decreasing food intake and delaying gastric emptying. The effect is mediated via the hypothalamus. Although derived from the same precursor, the inverse effects of these two peptides suggest that the stomach might be involved as an endocrine organ in the regulation of the energy balance.

| S-EPMC1774379 | biostudies-literature

Sedentary Time and Physical Activity in Older Women Undergoing Exercise Training.

Project description:Older adults have low rates meeting the physical activity (PA) guidelines and high sedentary time. Low PA and excessive sedentary time have been linked to adverse health outcomes. Less is known about whether exercise training influences sedentary time and PA in various intensities.PurposeThis study aimed to examine the effects of a 16-wk aerobic exercise training on time spent being sedentary and on light-intensity PA (LPA) and moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA) and step numbers in older women.MethodsInactive women (n = 61; age = 65.5 ± 4.3 yr) participated in moderate-intensity walking of either a low or a moderate dose (33.6 and 58.8 kJ·kg body weight per week, respectively). They wore a SenseWear Mini Armband at baseline and at end intervention to determine sedentary, LPA, and MVPA time and step numbers.ResultsTime being sedentary, or spent on LPA and MVPA, did not change differently by exercise groups with different doses (all P values for group-time interaction >0.580). Overall, time being sedentary reduced from baseline to end intervention by approximately 39 min·d (P < 0.001), and LPA increased by 19 min·d (P = 0.003). MVPA time increased (P < 0.001), which was primarily accounted for by the supervised exercise. Interestingly, daily steps increased more in the moderate-dose than the low-dose group (P = 0.023 for group-time interaction; 33.6% and 19.8% median increase in moderate- and low-dose groups, respectively). Also, there were individual differences in these changes.ConclusionResults indicated that, on average, older women did not reduce time of LPA or MVPA outside the exercise program or increase sedentary time as a result of participating in the exercise program.

| S-EPMC7944948 | biostudies-literature

Fasting hyperglycaemia blunts the reversal of impaired glucose tolerance after exercise training in obese older adults.

Project description:Lifestyle modification, consisting of exercise and weight loss, delays the progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, no study has determined the efficacy of exercise training on glucose metabolism in the different prediabetes subtypes.Seventy-six older (65.1 ± 0.6 years) obese adults with impaired fasting glucose (IFG; n = 12), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; n = 9) and combined glucose intolerance (IFG + IGT = CGI; n = 22) were compared with normal glucose tolerant (NGT; n = 15) and T2D (n = 18) groups after 12 weeks of exercise training (60 min/day for 5 days/week at ~85% HR(max)). An oral glucose tolerance test was used to assess glucose levels. Insulin sensitivity (IS; euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp at 40 mU/m(2)/min), ?-cell function (glucose-stimulated insulin secretion corrected for IS), body composition (hydrostatic weighing/computed tomography scan) and cardiovascular fitness (treadmill VO(2) max) were also assessed.Exercise training reduced weight and increased cardiovascular fitness (p < 0.05). Exercise training lowered fasting glucose levels in IFG, CGI and T2D (p < 0.05) and 2-h glucose levels in IGT, CGI and T2D (p < 0.05). However, 2-h glucose levels were not normalized in adults with CGI compared with IGT (p < 0.05). ?-Cell function improved similarly across groups (p < 0.05). Although not statistically significant, IS increased approximately 40% in IFG and IGT, but only 17% in CGI.The magnitude of improvement in glucose metabolism after 12 weeks of exercise training is not uniform across the prediabetes subtypes. Given the high risk of progressing to T2D, adults with CGI may require more aggressive therapies to prevent diabetes.

| S-EPMC3407343 | biostudies-literature

Metabolic adaptation after combined resistance and aerobic exercise training in older women.

Project description:ObjectiveThis study investigated whether combined aerobic and resistance training in older women leads to metabolic adaptation.MethodsA total of 80 women (64 White individuals; BMI: 30.0 [4.4] kg/m2 ; age: 64.8 [3.5] years) followed 32 weeks of aerobic and resistance training. Body weight/composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and resting metabolic rate (RMR; indirect calorimetry) were measured at baseline, week 16, and week 32. Metabolic adaptation was defined as significantly lower measured versus predicted RMR. A regression model to predict metabolic adaptation was developed that included race, age, baseline fat-free mass, RMR and respiratory quotient, and changes in net submaximal oxygen consumption after different tasks.ResultsThere was significant metabolic adaptation at week 16 (-59 [136] kcal/d, p = 0.002), following a 640-kcal/wk energy loss (-0.7 [2.6] kg of weight loss). In 53 women with complete data, metabolic adaptation was seen both at week 16 (-64 [129] kcal/d, p = 0.001) and at week 32 (-94 [127] kcal/d, p < 0.001). Metabolic adaptation at week 16 was predicted by race, age, baseline fat-free mass, RMR and respiratory quotient, and change in net oxygen consumption of walking (R2 adjusted = 0.90, p < 0.001). Similar results were seen at week 32.ConclusionsIn older women with overweight and obesity, a minimal energy deficit induced by aerobic and resistance exercise is associated with metabolic adaptation at the level of RMR.

| S-EPMC9256770 | biostudies-literature

Molecular adaptations to aerobic exercise training in skeletal muscle of older women.

Project description:BackgroundWe have recently shown that 12 weeks of progressive aerobic exercise training improves whole-muscle size and function in older women. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate molecular markers that may be associated with muscle hypertrophy after aerobic training in aging skeletal muscle.MethodsMuscle biopsies were obtained before and after 12 weeks of aerobic exercise training on a cycle ergometer in nine older women (70 ± 2 years) to determine basal levels of messenger RNA and protein content of select myogenic, proteolytic, and mitochondrial factors.ResultsThe training program increased (p < .05) aerobic capacity 30 ± 9%, whole-muscle cross-sectional area 11 ± 2%, and whole-muscle force production 29 ± 8%. Basal messenger RNA levels of FOXO3A, myostatin, HSP70, and MRF4 were lower (p < .05) after aerobic training. FOXO3A, FOXO3A phosphorylation, and HSP70 protein content were unaltered after training. Mitochondrial protein COX IV was elevated (p < .05) 33 ± 7% after aerobic training, whereas PGC-1α protein content was 20 ± 5% lower (p < .05).ConclusionsThese data suggest that reductions in FOXO3A and myostatin messenger RNA are potentially associated with exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy. Additionally, it appears that mitochondrial biogenesis can occur with aerobic training in older women independent of increased PGC-1α protein. Aerobic exercise training alters molecular factors related to the regulation of skeletal muscle, which supports the beneficial role of aerobic training for improving muscle health in older women.

| S-EPMC2954235 | biostudies-literature

Multicomponent Exercise Training Improves Gait Ability of Older Women Rather than Strength Training: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Project description:Objective The aim of this study was to compare the effects of multicomponent and strength training programs on dynamic balance, functional capacity, and gait ability in older women. Methods Thirty individuals (67?±?4.3 years; 30.6?±?3.9?kg/m2) were trained for 12 weeks (3 times per week), following multicomponent (MG: exercises focusing on agility, balance, muscle strength, and aerobic) and strength programs (SG: lower limbs strength exercise). Results Peak torque of hip flexors (p=0.020) and extensors (p=0.009) and knee flexors (p=0.001) of SG was greater than that of MG at posttraining. In addition, both groups increased peak torque of knee extensors (p=0.002) and plantar extensors with higher effect size for SG (d?=??0.41 and ?0.48), whereas MG presented higher effect size for plantar flexors muscles (d?=??0.55). Only the SG improved the rate of torque development of knee extensors (29%; p=0.002), and this variable was also greater to SG than MG at posttraining (106%). The SG and MG improved dynamic balance although SG presented higher effect size (d?=?0.61). Both groups improved the performance on 30 s sit to stand test (p=0.010) with higher effect size for MG (d?=??0.54). Only the MG improved the stride length (4%; p=0.011) and gait speed (10%; p=0.024). In addition, the groups improved toe clearance (p=0.035) and heel contact (p=0.010) with higher effect sizes for MG (d?=??0.066 and 1.07). Conclusion Strength training should be considered to increase muscle function and dynamic balance in older women, whereas multicomponent training should be considered to increase functional capacity and gait ability in this population.

| S-EPMC7519190 | biostudies-literature

NOS3 Polymorphisms Can Influence the Effect of Multicomponent Training on Blood Pressure, Nitrite Concentration and Physical Fitness in Prehypertensive and Hypertensive Older Adult Women.

Project description:Associations of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) polymorphisms with hypertension and response to exercise training in prehypertensive and hypertensive older adult women remain unclear. This study used a multicomponent program (various capacities and motor skills) in the physical training intervention. It analyzed the influence of NOS3 polymorphisms [-786T > C, 894G > T (Glu298Asp), and intron 4b/a] on the response of blood pressure (BP), nitrite concentration, and physical fitness in older adult women. Fifty-two participants aged between 50 and 80 underwent body mass index, BP, 6-min walk, elbow flexion, and sit and stand-up tests to assess physical fitness. The intervention duration was 12 weeks, twice a week, on non-consecutive days. Each session lasted 90 min, maintaining an intensity between 13 (moderate) and 15 (intense), controlled by the Subjective Effort Perception Scale. Plasma/blood samples were collected to assess nitrite concentration and genotyping. The statistical analysis included Fisher's exact test and linear mixed-effects models. The multicomponent training's positive effect was observed with a similar response in both prehypertensive and hypertensive groups. However, carriers of different genotypes demonstrated different responses to training: the decreases in systolic and diastolic BP and increases in nitrite expected from the physical training were smaller in variant genotype than ancestral genotype carriers, especially in the hypertensive group. At positions -786T > C and Glu298Asp, only the ancestral genotypes showed a decrease in diastolic BP (Δ% = -8.1, and Δ% = -6.5, respectively) and an increase on nitrite (Δ% = 19.1, and Δ% = 24.1, respectively) in the hypertensive group. Our results show that the benefits of a multicomponent training intervention seem to be genotype-dependent. It should be possible to consider genetic variants when selecting an exercise treatment intervention.

| S-EPMC8006435 | biostudies-literature

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