Dataset Information

Self-reported Reasons and Patterns of Noninsurance Among Cancer Survivors Before and After Implementation of the Affordable Care Act, 2000-2017.

ABSTRACT: Importance:Cancer survivors experience difficulties in maintaining health care coverage, but the reasons and risk factors for lack of insurance are poorly defined. Objective:To assess self-reported reasons for not having insurance and demographic and socioeconomic factors associated with uninsured status among cancer survivors, before and after implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in 2014. Design, Setting, and Participants:This survey study analyzes National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2017. Included were adult participants (age, 18-64 years) reporting a cancer diagnosis; however, those with a diagnosis of nonmelanoma skin cancer were excluded. Exposures:Insurance status. Main Outcomes and Measures:Multivariable logistic regression was used to define the association between demographic and socioeconomic variables and odds of being uninsured. The prevalence of the most common self-reported reasons for not having insurance (cost, unemployment, employment-related reason, family-related reason) were estimated, with adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for each of the reasons defined by multivariable logistic regression. Results:Among 17?806 survey participants, the mean (SD) age was 50.9 (10.8) years, and 6121 (34.4%) were men. A total of 1842 participants (10.3%) reported not having health insurance. Individuals surveyed in 2000 to 2013 had higher odds of not having insurance than those surveyed in 2014 to 2017 (10.6% vs 6.2%; aOR 1.75; 95% CI 1.49-2.08). Variables associated with higher odds of uninsured status included younger age (14.2% for age younger than mean vs 6.5% for age older than mean; aOR, 1.84; 95%, CI, 1.62-2.10), annual family income below the poverty threshold (21.4% vs 8.0%; aOR, 1.97; 95%, CI, 1.69-2.30), Hispanic ethnicity (18.8% vs 9.0%; aOR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.51-2.33), noncitizen status (24.3% vs 9.2%; aOR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.69-3.34), and current smoking (18.6% vs. 6.7%; aOR, 2.65; 95% CI, 2.32-3.02). Before the ACA, increasing interval from cancer diagnosis was associated with not having insurance (12.3% for ?6 years vs 8.9% for 0-5 years; aOR, 1.47; 95% CI 1.26-1.70) as was black race (13.9% for black patients vs 10.4% for nonblack patients; AOR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.04-1.61), but after the ACA, they no longer were (6.8% for ?6 years vs 5.6% for 0-5 years; aOR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.82-1.54; and 6.9% for black patients vs 6.2% for nonblack patients; aOR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.46-1.43). The most commonly cited reason for not having insurance was cost, followed by unemployment, both of which decreased after ACA implementation (cost, 49.6% vs 37.6%, aOR [pre-ACA vs post-ACA], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.46-0.85; unemployment, 37.1% vs 28.5%; aOR 0.62; 95% CI, 0.45-0.87). Conclusions and Relevance:The proportion of uninsured cancer survivors decreased after implementation of the ACA, but certain subgroups remained at greater risk of being uninsured. Cost was identified as the primary barrier to obtaining insurance, although more than half of cancer survivors reported other barriers to coverage.

SUBMITTER: Sanford NN

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6537771 | biostudies-literature | 2019 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Self-reported Reasons and Patterns of Noninsurance Among Cancer Survivors Before and After Implementation of the Affordable Care Act, 2000-2017.

Sanford Nina N NN Lam Miranda B MB Butler Santino S SS Ahn Chul C Beg Muhammad S MS Aizer Ayal A AA Mahal Brandon A BA

JAMA oncology 20191010 10

<h4>Importance</h4>Cancer survivors experience difficulties in maintaining health care coverage, but the reasons and risk factors for lack of insurance are poorly defined.<h4>Objective</h4>To assess self-reported reasons for not having insurance and demographic and socioeconomic factors associated with uninsured status among cancer survivors, before and after implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in 2014.<h4>Design, setting, and participants</h4>This survey study analyzes National Heal ...[more]

PMID: 31091534

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Project description:Importance:Cancer survivors face ongoing health issues and need access to affordable health care, yet studies examining health care access and affordability in this population are lacking. Objectives:To evaluate health care access and affordability in a national sample of cancer survivors compared with adults without cancer and to evaluate temporal trends during implementation of the Affordable Care Act. Design, Setting, and Participants:We used data from the National Health Interview Survey from 2010 through 2016 to conduct a population-based study of 30?364 participants aged 18 years or older. We grouped participants as cancer survivors (n?=?15?182) and those with no reported history of cancer, whom we refer to as control respondents (n?=?15?182), matched on age. We excluded individuals reporting a cancer diagnosis prior to age 18 years and those with nonmelanoma skin cancers. Main Outcomes and Measures:We compared issues with health care access (eg, delayed or forgone care) and affordability (eg, unable to afford medications or health care services) between cancer survivors and control respondents. We also explored trends over time in the proportion of cancer survivors reporting these difficulties. Results:Of the 30?364 participants, 18?356 (57.4%) were women. The mean (SD) age was 63.5 (23.5) years. Cancer survivors were more likely to be insured (14?412 [94.8%] vs 13?978 [92.2%], P?<?.001) and to have government-sponsored insurance (7266 [44.3%] vs 6513 [38.8%], P?<?.001) compared with control respondents. In multivariable models, cancer survivors were more likely than control respondents to report delayed care (odds ratio [OR], 1.38; 95% CI, 1.16-1.63), forgone medical care (OR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.45-2.12), and/or inability to afford medications (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.46-2.14) and health care services (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.27-1.68) (P?<?.001 for all). From 2010 to 2016, the proportion of survivors reporting delayed medical care decreased each year (B?=?0.47; P?=?.047), and the proportion of those needing and not getting medical care also decreased each year (B?=?0.35; P?=?.04). In addition, the proportion of cancer survivors who reported being unable to afford prescription medication decreased each year (B=0.66; P?=?.004) and the proportion of those unable to afford at least 1 of 6 services decreased each year (B?=?0.51; P?=?.01). Conclusions and Relevance:Despite higher rates of insurance coverage, cancer survivors reported greater difficulties accessing and affording health care compared with adults without cancer. Importantly, the proportion of survivors reporting these issues continued a downward trend throughout our observation period in the years following the implementation of the Affordable Care Act. Our findings suggest incremental improvement in health care access and affordability after recent health care reform and provide an important benchmark as additional changes are likely to occur in the coming years.

Project description:ImportanceAmong adults with chronic disease, survivors of stroke have high out-of-pocket financial burdens. The US government enacted the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in 2010 and implemented the law in 2014 to provide more low-income adults with health insurance coverage.ObjectiveTo assess whether ACA implementation is associated with cost-related nonadherence (CRN) to medication among adult survivors of stroke.Design, setting, and participantsThis study analyzed data from the 2000 to 2016 National Health Interview Survey, an in-person household survey of the noninstitutionalized US population conducted annually by the National Center for Health Statistics. Conducted at the University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, from July 24, 2017, to February 28, 2018, the study had a sample of 13 930 survivors of stroke. Analyses were stratified by age (45-64 years vs ≥65 years). Time was treated as a continuous variable and as a categorical variable across 4 periods (2000-2005, historical control; 2006-2010, economic recession and peak unemployment; 2011-2013, before ACA implementation; and 2014-2016, after ACA implementation). Percentages are weighted to reflect US population estimates.Main outcomes and measuresThe primary outcome was the self-report of CRN, defined as the inability to afford prescribed medications within the past 12 months.ResultsAmong the 13 930 total survivors of stroke, 38.1% were aged 45 to 64 years (50.5% were female and 49.5% were male, with a mean [SE] age of 56.0 [0.10] years), and 61.9% were aged 65 years or older (54.9% were female and 45.1% were male, with a mean [SE] age of 76.2 [0.09] years). From 2011 to 2013 through 2014 to 2016, Medicaid increased (from 24.0% [95% CI, 21.0%-27.2%] in 2011-2013 to 30.8% [95% CI, 27.3%-34.6%] in 2014-2016; P < .001) and uninsurance decreased (from 13.7% [95% CI, 11.3%-16.4%] to 6.8% [95% CI, 5.3%-8.8%]; P < .001) among survivors of stroke aged 45 to 64 years. Among survivors aged 45 to 64 years, CRN increased over time before ACA implementation (from 18.6% [95% CI, 16.5%-20.9%] in 2000-2005, to 22.6% [95% CI, 19.7%-25.9%] in 2006-2010, to 23.8% [95% CI, 20.7%-27.3%] in 2011-2013) and decreased after ACA implementation to 18.1% (95% CI, 15.4%-21.3%; P = .01) in 2014 to 2016. The period after ACA implementation was associated with lower odds of CRN after adjustment for sociodemographics, year, and clinical factors (odds ratio [OR], 0.63; 95% CI, 0.47-0.85). The difference was attenuated after further adjustment for health insurance coverage (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.56-1.03).Conclusions and relevanceAfter the ACA implementation, health insurance coverage increased and CRN decreased among adult survivors of stroke, suggesting that further expansion of Medicaid coverage is likely to be advantageous for survivors.

Project description:STUDY OBJECTIVE:The 2010 provision of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) extended eligibility for health insurance for young adults aged 19 to 25 years. It is unclear, however, how expanded coverage changes health care behavior and promotes efficient use of emergency department (ED) services. Our objective was to use population-level emergency department data to characterize any changes in diagnoses seen in ED among young adults since the implementation of the ACA dependent coverage expansion. METHODS:We performed a difference-in-differences analysis of 2009 to 2011 ED visits from California, Florida, and New York, using all-capture administrative data to determine how the use of ED services changed for clinical categories after the ACA provision among young adults aged 19 to 25 years compared with slightly older adults unaffected by the provision, aged 26 to 31 years. RESULTS:We analyzed a total of 10,158,254 ED visits made by 4,734,409 patients. After the implementation of the 2010 ACA provision, young adults had a relative decrease of 0.5% ED visits per 1,000 people compared with the older group. For the majority of diagnostic categories, young adults' rates and risk of visit did not change relative to that of slightly older adults after the implementation of the ACA. However, although young adults' ED visits significantly increased for mental illnesses (2.6%) and diseases of the circulatory system (eg, nonspecific chest pain) (4.8%), visits decreased for pregnancy-related diagnoses and diseases of the skin (eg, cellulitis, abscess) compared with that of the older group (3.7% and 3.1%, respectively). CONCLUSION:Our results indicate that increased coverage has kept young adults out of the ED for specific conditions that can be cared for through access to other channels. As EDs face capacity challenges, these results are encouraging and offer insight into what could be expected under further insurance expansions from health care reform.

Project description:BackgroundLittle is known about changes in socioeconomic disparities in noninsurance and care unaffordability among nonelderly cancer survivors following the Affordable Care Act (ACA).MethodsCancer survivors aged 18-64 years nationwide were identified from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Trend and difference-in-differences analyses were conducted to examine changes in percent uninsured and percent reporting care unaffordability pre-(2011 to 2013) and post-(2014 to 2017) ACA Medicaid expansion, by sociodemographic factors.ResultsA total of 118 631 cancer survivors were identified from Medicaid expansion (n = 72 124) and nonexpansion (n = 46 507) states. Following the ACA, percent uninsured and percent reporting care unaffordability decreased nationwide. Medicaid expansion was associated with a 1.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.1 to 3.5) percentage points (ppt) net decrease in noninsurance and a 2.9 (95% CI = 0.7 to 5.1) ppt net decrease in care unaffordability. In stratified analyses by sociodemographic factors, substantial decreases were observed in female survivors, those with low or medium household incomes, the unemployed, and survivors with multiple comorbidities. However, we observed slightly increased percentages in reporting noninsurance (ppt = 1.7; 95% CI = -1.2 to 4.5) and care unaffordability (ppt = 3.1, 95% CI = -0.4 to 6.5) in nonexpansion states between 2016 and 2017, translating to 67 163 and 124 160 survivors, respectively.ConclusionWe observed reductions in disparities by sociodemographic factors in noninsurance and care unaffordability among nonelderly cancer survivors following the ACA, with largest decreases in women, those with low or medium income, multiple comorbid conditions, the unemployed, and those residing in Medicaid expansion states. However, the uptick of 82 750 uninsured survivors in 2017, mainly from nonexpansion states, is concerning. Ongoing monitoring of the effects of the ACA is warranted, especially in evaluating health outcomes.

Project description:Importance:The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was associated with a reduced number of Americans who reported being unable to afford medical care, but changes in actual health spending by households are not known. Objectives:To estimate changes in household spending on health care nationwide after implementation of the ACA. Design, Setting, and Participants:Population-based data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey from January 1, 2012, through December 31, 2015, and multivariable regression were used to examine changes in out-of-pocket spending, premium contributions, and total health spending (out-of-pocket plus premiums) after the ACA's coverage expansions on January 1, 2014. The study population included a nationally representative sample of US adults aged 18 to 64 years (n = 83 431). In addition, changes were assessed in the likelihood of exceeding affordability thresholds for each outcome and spending changes for income subgroups defined under the ACA to determine program eligibility at 138% or less, 139% to 250%, 251% to 400%, and greater than 400% of the federal poverty level (FPL). Exposure:Implementation of the ACA's major insurance programs on January 1, 2014. Main Outcomes and Measures:Mean individual-level out-of-pocket spending and premium payments and the percentage of persons experiencing high-burden spending, defined as more than 10% of family income for out-of-pocket expenses, more than 9.5% for premium payments, and more than 19.5% for out-of-pocket plus premium payments. Results:In this nationally representative survey of 83 431 adults (weighted frequency, 49.1% men and 50.9% women; median age, 40.3 years; interquartile range, 28.6-52.4 years), ACA implementation was associated with an 11.9% decrease (95% CI, -17.1% to -6.4%; P < .001) in mean out-of-pocket spending in the full sample, a 21.4% decrease (95% CI, -30.1% to -11.5%; P < .001) in the lowest-income group (≤138% of the FPL), an 18.5% decrease (95% CI, -27.0% to -9.0%; P < .001) in the low-income group (139%-250% of the FPL), and a 12.8% decrease (95% CI, -22.1% to -2.4%; P = .02) in the middle-income group (251%-400% of the FPL). Mean premium spending increased in the full sample (12.1%; 95% CI, 1.9%-23.3%) and the higher-income group (22.9%; 95% CI, 5.5%-43.1%). Combined out-of-pocket plus premium spending decreased in the lowest-income group only (-16.0%; 95% CI, -27.6% to -2.6%). The odds of household out-of-pocket spending exceeding 10% of family income decreased in the full sample (odds ratio [OR], 0.80; 95% CI, 0.70-0.90) and in the lowest-income group (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67-0.97). The odds of high-burden premium spending increased in the middle-income group (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.03-1.59). Conclusions and Relevance:Implementation of the ACA was associated with reduced out-of-pocket spending, particularly for low-income persons. However, many of these individuals continue to experience high-burden out-of-pocket and premium spending. Repeal or substantial reversal of the ACA would especially harm poor and low-income Americans.

Dataset Information

Self-reported Reasons and Patterns of Noninsurance Among Cancer Survivors Before and After Implementation of the Affordable Care Act, 2000-2017.

Publications

Self-reported Reasons and Patterns of Noninsurance Among Cancer Survivors Before and After Implementation of the Affordable Care Act, 2000-2017.

Similar Datasets

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