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Mechanisms for progenitor cell-mediated repair for ischemic heart injury.

ABSTRACT: Recent studies have shown that treatments involving injection of stem cells into animals with damaged cardiac tissue result in improved cardiac functionality. Clinical trials have reported conflicting results concerning the recellularization of post-infarct collagen scars. No clear mechanism has so far emerged to fully explain how injected stem cells, specifically the commonly used mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and endothelial precursor cells (EPC), help heal a damaged heart. Clearly, these injected stem cells must survive and thrive in the hypoxic environment that results after injury for any significant repair to occur. Here we discuss how ischemic preconditioning may lead to increased tolerance of stem cells to these harsh conditions and increase their survival and clinical potential after injection. As injected cells must reach the site in numbers large enough for repair to be functionally significant, homing mechanisms involved in stem cell migration are also discussed. We review the mechanisms of action stem cells may employ once they arrive at their target destination. These possible mechanisms include that the injected stem cells (1) secrete growth factors, (2) differentiate into cardiomyocytes to recellularize damaged tissue and strengthen the post-infarct scar, (3) transdifferentiate the host cells into cardiomyocytes, and (4) induce neovascularization. Finally, we discuss that tissue engineering may provide a standardized platform technology to produce clinically applicable stem cell products with these desired mechanistic capacities.

SUBMITTER: Li SC

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6544365 | biostudies-literature | 2012 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Mechanisms for progenitor cell-mediated repair for ischemic heart injury.

Li Shengwen Calvin SC Acevedo Julyana J Wang Lang L Jiang Hong H Luo Jane J Pestell Richard G RG Loudon William G WG Chang Anthony C AC

Current stem cell research & therapy 20120101 1

Recent studies have shown that treatments involving injection of stem cells into animals with damaged cardiac tissue result in improved cardiac functionality. Clinical trials have reported conflicting results concerning the recellularization of post-infarct collagen scars. No clear mechanism has so far emerged to fully explain how injected stem cells, specifically the commonly used mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and endothelial precursor cells (EPC), help heal a damaged heart. Clearly, these injec ...[more]

PMID: 21466480

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Project description:Human microvascular pericytes (CD146(+)/34(-)/45(-)/56(-)) contain multipotent precursors and repair/regenerate defective tissues, notably skeletal muscle. However, their ability to repair the ischemic heart remains unknown. We investigated the therapeutic potential of human pericytes, purified from skeletal muscle, for treating ischemic heart disease and mediating associated repair mechanisms in mice. Echocardiography revealed that pericyte transplantation attenuated left ventricular dilatation and significantly improved cardiac contractility, superior to CD56+ myogenic progenitor transplantation, in acutely infarcted mouse hearts. Pericyte treatment substantially reduced myocardial fibrosis and significantly diminished infiltration of host inflammatory cells at the infarct site. Hypoxic pericyte-conditioned medium suppressed murine fibroblast proliferation and inhibited macrophage proliferation in vitro. High expression by pericytes of immunoregulatory molecules, including interleukin-6, leukemia inhibitory factor, cyclooxygenase-2, and heme oxygenase-1, was sustained under hypoxia, except for monocyte chemotactic protein-1. Host angiogenesis was significantly increased. Pericytes supported microvascular structures in vivo and formed capillary-like networks with/without endothelial cells in three-dimensional cocultures. Under hypoxia, pericytes dramatically increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A, platelet-derived growth factor-?, transforming growth factor-?1 and corresponding receptors while expression of basic fibroblast growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and angiopoietin-1 was repressed. The capacity of pericytes to differentiate into and/or fuse with cardiac cells was revealed by green fluorescence protein labeling, although to a minor extent. In conclusion, intramyocardial transplantation of purified human pericytes promotes functional and structural recovery, attributable to multiple mechanisms involving paracrine effects and cellular interactions.

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Mechanisms for progenitor cell-mediated repair for ischemic heart injury.

Publications

Mechanisms for progenitor cell-mediated repair for ischemic heart injury.

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