Etiology of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Literature Review.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Kikanloo SR
PROVIDER: S-EPMC6547389 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Jun
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
Etiology of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Literature Review.
Kikanloo Sina Rashidi SR Tarpada Sandip Parshottam SP Cho Woojin W
Asian spine journal 20190213 3
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the peripubertal development of spinal curvature of a minimum of 10°. AIS is thought to be attributable to genetic factors, nutrition, early exposure to toxins, and hormonal dysregulation. Recent literature suggests these factors may compound to determine both disease onset and severity. Currently, treatment is limited to observation, bracing, and surgical intervention. Intervention is presently determined by severity and risk of curve progression. As the ...[more]
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Project description:Etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), a complicated three-dimensional spinal deformity with early-onset, receives continuous attention but remains unclear. To gain an insight into AIS pathogenesis, this review searched PubMed database up to June 2019, using key words or medical subject headings terms including "adolescent idiopathic scoliosis," "scoliosis," "pathogenesis," "etiology," "genetics," "mesenchymal stem cells," and their combinations, summarized existing literatures and categorized the theories or hypothesis into nine aspects. These aspects include bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell studies, genetic studies, tissue analysis, spine biomechanics measurements, neurologic analysis, hormone studies, biochemical analysis, environmental factor analysis, and lifestyle explorations. These categories could be a guidance for further etiology or treatment researches to gain inspiration.
| S-EPMC7046244 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundDespite more than a century of dedicated research, the etiology and pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) remain unclear. By definition, 'idiopathic' implies an unknown cause. Nevertheless, many abnormalities concomitant to AIS have been described, often with the suggestion that these abnormalities are related to etio-pathogenesis. Insight in the concomitant abnormalities may assist in improving the understanding of the etiological pathways of AIS. We aimed to systematically review and synthesize available studies on abnormalities concomitant to AIS.MethodsOriginal studies comparing untreated AIS patients with healthy adolescents on abnormalities other than the deformity of the spine were retrieved from PubMed and Embase. We followed PRISMA guidelines and to quantify the relationship between each abnormality and AIS we used a best-evidence-syntheses for relating risk-of-bias to consistency of effect sizes.ResultsWe identified 88 relevant citations, forty-seven carried high risk-of-bias and twenty studies did not report quantitative data in a sufficient manner. The remaining twenty-one publications failed to report data from before initiation of the deformity and blind assessments. These cross-sectional studies provided data on fourteen abnormalities concomitant to AIS. With our best-evidence-syntheses we were unable to find both strong evidence and a consistent pattern of occurrence for AIS and any of these abnormalities. From moderate risk-of-bias studies a relatively consistent pattern of occurrence for AIS and impaired gait control (4 studies; 155 subjects; Cohen's d = 1.00) and decreased bone mineral density (2 studies; 954 subjects; Cohen's d =?-0.83) was found. For nine abnormalities a consistent pattern of occurrence with AIS was found, but the evidence for these was weak.ConclusionsBased on the available literature, strong evidence is lacking for a consistent pattern of occurrence of AIS and any abnormality. The relevance for understanding the multifactorial etiology of AIS is very limited.
| S-EPMC4018432 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundAdolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common pediatric spinal deformity with reported complications including pain, mental health concern and respiratory dysfunction. The scoliosis-specific exercise (SSE) is prescribed throughout pubertal growth to slow progression although effects are unclear. This review aims to establish the effectiveness of SSE for alleviating AIS in terms of reducing Cobb angle, improving trunk asymmetry and quality of life (QoL). Additionally, it aims to define the effects of age, skeletal maturity, curve magnitude and exercise compliance on the outcomes of SSE.MethodsA systematic reviewed was conducted to net SSE articles. Searched databases included PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, CINAHL and Google scholar. The quality of study was critically appraised according to the PEDro scale.ResultsA total of ten trials with an average PEDro score of 6.9/10 were examined in this study. Two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and two clinical controlled trials suggested that SSE alone and with bracing or traditional exercise had clinical significance in reducing Cobb angle more than 5°. One RCT specifically implicated no comparable effects between bracing and SSE in prevention of curve progression for moderate scoliosis. There was insufficient evidence to support the positive effects of SSE on improving truck asymmetry (n?=?4) and QoL (n?=?3). Five studies evaluated the interaction effects of age (n?=?2), skeletal maturity (n?=?1) and curve magnitude (n?=?2) with SSE in reducing Cobb angle yet without drawing any firm conclusions.ConclusionsInsufficient evidence is available to prove that SSE with or without other conservative treatments can reduce Cobb angle, improve trunk balance and QoL. The interaction effects of age, skeletal maturity, curve magnitude, and exercise compliance with SSE in reducing Cobb angle are not proven. Future studies should investigate the relationship of influencing factors and SSE in treating AIS but not only testing its effectiveness.Trial registrationINPLASY202050100 .
| S-EPMC7385878 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Age at menarche is closely related to scoliosis progression during adolescence. Current data concerning the timing of menarche between scoliotic and non-scoliotic girls in the literature are conflicting, with inconclusive results. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution difference of age at menarche for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) girls and normal control population and to subsequently elucidate the menarche age difference through literature reviewing. Moreover, menarche age of AIS girls with Cobb angle <40°, 40-60°, >60° were compared to estimate its association with curve severity. Menstrual status data were available for 6,376 healthy female adolescents and 2,196 AIS girls. We notice that less than 10% of healthy Chinese girls experienced onset of menses before 11.38 years, and approximately 90% of healthy Chinese girls were menstruating by 13.88 years, with a median age of 12.63 years. As for AIS girls, less than 10% started to menstruate before 11.27 years, and approximately 90% were menstruating by 14.38 years, with a median age of 12.83 years. Average menarche age in AIS (12.83 ± 1.22 years) was significantly later than that of normal control girls (12.63 ± 0.98 years) (p < 0.001). Age at menarche for AIS affected girls was significantly greater than that of normal control girls at 75%, 90% of whom had attained menarche (p = 0.001, p < 0.001). Proportion of girls starting to menstruate after 14 years was significantly higher in AIS population compared with normal controls (16.3 vs. 8.1%, p < 0.001). In addition, AIS girls with Cobb angle >60° experienced onset of menses at an average age of 13.25 years, which was significantly later than AIS girls with Cobb angle <40° (12.81 years, p < 0.05) and marginally significantly later than AIS girls with Cobb angle between 40 and 60° (12.86 years, p = 0.053). In conclusion, a tendency of delayed onset of menarche was observed in Chinese idiopathic scoliotic girls in this large sample study, especially for girls with Cobb angle >60°, which is supported by multiple previously established positive linkages on AIS etiology studies. Accordingly it is believed that late menarche may contribute importantly to abnormal pubertal growth and subsequently modulate curve behavior in AIS.
| S-EPMC3030718 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Plasma exosomal miRNA may differ between adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients and healthy individuals. Sequencing analysis was used to find these differential miRNAs.
2024-05-15 | GSE235203 | GEO
Project description:BackgroundThe use of soft braces to treat scoliosis has been described by Fischer as early as 1876. With the help of elastic straps, as the authors suggested, a corrective movement for individual curve patterns should be maintained in order to inhibit curve progression. Today this concept has been revived besides soft 3 point pressure systems. Some shortcomings have been revealed in literature in comparison with hard braces, however the concept of improving quality of life of a patient while under brace treatment should furtherly be considered as valuable. Purpose of this review is to gather the body of evidence existent for the use of soft braces and to present recent developments.MethodA review of literature as available on Pub Med was performed using the key words 'scoliosis' and 'soft brace' at first. The search was expanded using 'scoliosis' and the known trademarks (1) 'scoliosis' and 'SpineCor', (2) 'scoliosis' and 'TriaC', (3) 'scoliosis' and 'St. Etienne brace', (4) 'scoliosis' and 'Olympe'. The papers considered for inclusion were new technical descriptions, preliminary results, cohort studies and controlled studies.ResultsWhen searching for the terms 'scoliosis' and 'SpineCor': 20 papers have been found, most of them investigating a soft brace, for 'scoliosis' and 'TriaC': 7 papers displayed, for 'scoliosis' and 'St. Etienne brace': one paper displayed but not meeting the topic and for 'scoliosis' and 'Olympe': No paper displayed. Four papers found on the SpineCor™ were of prospective controlled or prospective randomized design. These papers partly presented contradictory results. Two papers were on soft Boston braces used in patients with neuromuscular scoliosis.DiscussionThere is a small but consistent body of evidence for the use of soft braces in the treatment of scoliosis. Contradictory results have been published for samples treated during the pubertal growth spurt. In a biomechanical analysis the reason for the lack of effectiveness during this period has been elaborated. Improved materials and the implementation of corrective movements respecting also the sagittal correction of the scoliotic spine will hopefully contribute to an improvement of the results achievable.ConclusionsThe treatment of scoliosis using soft braces is supported by some papers providing a small body of evidence. During the growth spurt the use of soft braces is discussed contradictory. There is insufficient evidence to draw definite conclusions about effectiveness and safety of the intervention.
| S-EPMC3479417 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The human spinal column is a dynamic, segmented, bony, and cartilaginous structure that protects the neurologic system and simultaneously provides balance and flexibility. Children with developmental disorders that affect the patterning or shape of the spine can be at risk of neurologic and other physiologic dysfunctions. The most common developmental disorder of the spine is scoliosis, a lateral deformity in the shape of the spinal column. Scoliosis may be part of the clinical spectrum that is observed in many developmental disorders, but typically presents as an isolated symptom in otherwise healthy adolescent children. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) has defied understanding in part due to its genetic complexity. Breakthroughs have come from recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and next generation sequencing (NGS) of human AIS cohorts, as well as investigations of animal models. These studies have identified genetic associations with determinants of cartilage biogenesis and development of the intervertebral disc (IVD). Current evidence suggests that a fraction of AIS cases may arise from variation in factors involved in the structural integrity and homeostasis of the cartilaginous extracellular matrix (ECM). Here, we review the development of the spine and spinal cartilages, the composition of the cartilage ECM, the so-called "matrisome" and its functions, and the players involved in the genetic architecture of AIS. We also propose a molecular model by which the cartilage matrisome of the IVD contributes to AIS susceptibility.
| S-EPMC7062733 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveIS (idiopathic scoliosis) is a common spinal condition occurring in otherwise completely healthy adolescents. The root cause of IS remains unclear. This systematic review will focus on an update of genetic factors and IS etiology. Though it is generally accepted that the condition is not due to a single gene effect, etiology studies continue looking for a root cause including genetic variants. Though susceptibility from multiple genetic components is plausible based on known family history data, the literature remains unclear regarding multifactorial genetic influences. The objective of this study was to critically evaluate the evidence behind genetic causes (not single gene) of IS through a systematic review and strength-of-study analysis of existing genetic and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). We used the protocol of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).MethodsPubMed was searched for the terms IS, scoliotic, spinal curve, genetic, gene, etiology, polymorphisms. Articles were assessed for risk-of-bias. Level-of-evidence grading was completed via Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine criteria. The assessment scores factor strength of a study in determining a positive or negative association to a gene etiology.ResultsAfter screening of 36 eligible papers, 8 relevant studies met inclusion criteria at this time, 3 were in favor of a genetic factor for IS, whereas 5 studies were against it.ConclusionBased on the literature analyzed, there is moderate evidence with a low risk-of-bias that does not clarify a genetic cause of IS. The 2 studies in favor of a genetic etiology were completed in homogeneous populations, limiting their generalizability. Relying on a genetic etiology alone for IS may over simplify its multifactorial nature and limit appreciation of other influences.
| S-EPMC7479311 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis 1000 Exomes Study
| PRJNA488323 | ENA
Project description:Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis 1000 Exomes Study
| PRJNA488324 | ENA