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Child and adolescent predictors of smoking involvement in emerging adulthood.

ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVE:This study examined the differential relationship of externalizing behavior, internalizing behavior, social context, and their interactions to three developmental indicators of smoking involvement: onset (age), amount of smoking, and dependence symptomatology. METHOD:Participants (n = 504, 73% male) from a high-risk community-based longitudinal study were followed from age 12-14 to young adulthood (18-20). Smoking involvement was conceptualized as a process involving differences in (a) age of onset of smoking, (b) amount of smoking at age 18-20, and (c) level of nicotine dependence symptomatology at age 18-20. Survival analysis was used to predict onset of smoking, regression for smoking level, and zero-inflated Poisson regression for nicotine dependence. RESULTS:Externalizing (teacher report) and internalizing behavior (youth self-report), prior to the onset of smoking, predicted different components of smoking and nicotine dependence in young adulthood. Parental smoking predicted all levels of smoking involvement. Peer smoking was related to early onset of smoking, but not higher levels of smoking involvement. Externalizing and internalizing behavior interacted to predict nicotine dependence level, with higher levels of internalizing behavior predicting higher levels of dependence symptoms, even at low levels of externalizing behavior. CONCLUSIONS:Externalizing and internalizing behavior and social context are independent and interacting risk factors that come into play at different points in the developmental process occurring between smoking onset and dependence. This study provides important information for theoretical models of smoking progression and shows that different types of risk should be targeted for prevention at different points in smoking progression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

SUBMITTER: Jester JM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6552681 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Child and adolescent predictors of smoking involvement in emerging adulthood.

Jester Jennifer M JM Glass Jennifer M JM Bohnert Kipling M KM Nigg Joel T JT Wong Maria M MM Zucker Robert A RA

Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association 20190201 2

<h4>Objective</h4>This study examined the differential relationship of externalizing behavior, internalizing behavior, social context, and their interactions to three developmental indicators of smoking involvement: onset (age), amount of smoking, and dependence symptomatology.<h4>Method</h4>Participants (n = 504, 73% male) from a high-risk community-based longitudinal study were followed from age 12-14 to young adulthood (18-20). Smoking involvement was conceptualized as a process involving dif ...[more]

PMID: 30652912

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Project description:Background:Despite prior studies, transitions in smoking patterns are not fully understood. Getting arrested may alter an individual's smoking pattern through processes proscribed by the criminological labeling theory. This study examined how arrest during emerging adulthood altered smoking behavior during subsequent years and whether there were differential effects by race/ethnicity and gender. Methods:We analyzed 15 waves of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. Multinomial logistic regressions were performed using Stata software version 14. Results:For both genders, arrested black men and women had the most distinct smoking transitions (both increases and decreases) as compared with their non-arrested counterparts. Among men, particularly black males, arrest in early adulthood was associated with the men transitioning to both increased and decreased smoking. Patterns in smoking transitions for women were less clear, suggesting that women's smoking may be influenced by factors not in the models. Women had a low probability of starting to smoke or increasing smoking if they were never arrested between 18 and 21 years of age. Conclusions:The results for transitioning into increased smoking offer some support for labeling theory processes. Other findings suggest that arrest may lead to some men reducing or quitting smoking. Early adulthood arrest may serve to "shock the system" and contribute to males altering their prior smoking behavior. Implications:Tobacco use over the life course, particularly across different racial and ethnic groups, remains understudied. This study contributes to the literature using a nationally representative sample to examine the effect of getting arrested in emerging adulthood on cigarette use during subsequent years. In conducting the study, investigators combined theories and methodological approaches from 2 complementary disciplines: public health and criminal justice. Because criminal justice policymakers tend to focus on issues like ex-offender unemployment, public health officials can provide guidance regarding the effect of justice system involvement on smoking, particularly given the adverse health outcomes of using cigarettes.

Project description:AimsTo estimate interactions and unique effects of behavioral approach and behavioral control on alcohol involvement hypothesized by dual-systems models, during adolescence and emerging adulthood.DesignIn a longitudinal study, behavioral approach and behavioral control were examined in relation to alcohol involvement, cross-sectionally and prospectively.Setting and participantsA total of 846 general population twins born in Colorado, USA were assessed twice (mean = 17.3 and 22.8 years; female = 51.4%; white = 91.8%).MeasurementsBehavioral approach was measured by self-report questionnaires of sensation-seeking and subjective effects of alcohol. Behavioral control was measured by self-reported lack of planning and nine executive functioning (EF) tasks. Interviewers administered semi-structured clinical interviews to assess alcohol use and disorder (AUD).FindingsNone of 36 interaction effects was statistically significant (β = -0.16-0.14, P > 0.06), suggesting that dual systems are additively related to alcohol involvement. In multiple regression models, behavioral approach and behavioral control explained independent variance in alcohol use quantity (β = 0.09-0.33, P < 0.04) and frequency (β = -0.11-0.29, P < 0.03) at both waves. During adolescence, only subjective effects (β = 0.27-0.28, P < 0.001) explained independent variance in AUD. Moreover, measures of the same construct explained independent variance in alcohol involvement: for behavioral control, lack of planning and EF were associated with alcohol frequency in adolescence (β = -0.11-0.25, P < 0.02) and AUD in emerging adulthood (β = -0.09-0.16, P < 0.03). For the behavioral approach, subjective effects were associated with all measures at both waves (β = 0.20-0.33, P < 0.01) and sensation-seeking was associated with all measures in emerging adulthood (β = 0.09-0.11, P < 0.04). In prospective models, adolescent alcohol involvement was associated with later lack of planning (β = 0.12-0.18, P < 0.03) and lack of planning in adolescence was associated with later alcohol involvement (β = 0.12-0.14, P < 0.02).ConclusionsBoth the behavioral approach and behavioral control components of dual-systems models explain alcohol involvement during adolescence and adulthood, and different measures of the same system assess separate risk processes. The relations between alcohol involvement and the dual systems appear to be bidirectional.

Project description:This secondary analysis of the Child/Adolescent Anxiety Multimodal Study (CAMS) used baseline patient characteristics to identify prognostic subgroups of children based on likelihood of remission. We also investigated predictors and moderators of outcome. CAMS randomized 488 youths with generalized, social, and separation anxiety disorders to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), sertraline, both, or pill placebo. Outcomes were Week 12 child, parent, and independent evaluator (IE) ratings of child anxiety. We used receiver operating characteristics analysis and stepwise regression to identify predictors and moderators of outcome. Severe anxiety, lower socioeconomic status, and comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder predicted higher IE-rated anxiety posttreatment; child-rated social anxiety predicted poorer outcomes reported by all informants. Regarding moderators, Hispanic ethnicity predicted higher IE-rated anxiety after CBT and higher parent-rated anxiety after sertraline. In youths with severe anxiety (Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale ≥ 20, <italic>n</italic> = 220), combination treatment increased remission (relative risk [RR] = 2.85, <italic>p</italic> < .001), 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.51, 5.39], whereas CBT (RR = 1.55, <italic>p</italic> = .20), 95% CI [0.77, 3.10], and sertraline (RR = 1.27, <italic>p</italic> = .53), 95% CI [0.59, 2.73], did not significantly increase remission relative to placebo. These are the first findings demonstrating that a combination of CBT and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, not monotherapy, is likely key for achieving remission in severe anxiety. CAMS was not powered to detect treatment efficacy after stratification by anxiety severity, so further research is needed regarding effective treatments in severe anxiety. Our main effect findings suggest youth with severe anxiety (especially social phobia), low socioeconomic status and obsessive-compulsive disorder benefit less from current first-line treatments relative to other anxious youth. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00052078.

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Child and adolescent predictors of smoking involvement in emerging adulthood.

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Child and adolescent predictors of smoking involvement in emerging adulthood.

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