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Recent and Long-Term Soccer Heading Exposure Is Differentially Associated With Neuropsychological Function in Amateur Players.

ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVES:The present study examined the relative contribution of recent or long-term heading to neuropsychological function in amateur adult soccer players. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS:Soccer players completed a baseline questionnaire (HeadCount-12m) to ascertain heading during the prior 12 months (long-term heading, LTH) and an online questionnaire (HeadCount-2w) every 3 months to ascertain heading during the prior 2 weeks (recent heading, RH). Cogstate, a battery of six neuropsychological tests, was administered to assess neuropsychological function. Generalized estimating equations were used to test if LTH or RH was associated with neuropsychological function while accounting for the role of recognized concussion. RESULTS:A total of 311 soccer players completed 630 HeadCount-2w. Participants had an average age of 26 years. Participants headed the ball a median of 611 times/year (mean=1,384.03) and 9.50 times/2 weeks (mean=34.17). High levels of RH were significantly associated with reduced performance on a task of psychomotor speed (p=.02), while high levels of LTH were significantly associated with poorer performance on tasks of verbal learning (p=.03) and verbal memory (p=.04). Significantly better attention (p=.02) was detectable at moderately high levels of RH, but not at the highest level of RH. One hundred and seven (34.4%) participants reported a lifetime history of concussion, but this was not related to neuropsychological function and did not modify the association of RH or LTH with neuropsychological function. CONCLUSION:High levels of both RH and LTH were associated with poorer neuropsychological function, but on different domains. The clinical manifestations following repetitive exposure to heading could change with chronicity of exposure. (JINS, 2018, 24, 147-155).

SUBMITTER: Levitch CF

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6554717 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Recent and Long-Term Soccer Heading Exposure Is Differentially Associated With Neuropsychological Function in Amateur Players.

Levitch Cara F CF Zimmerman Molly E ME Lubin Naomi N Kim Namhee N Lipton Richard B RB Stewart Walter F WF Kim Mimi M Lipton Michael L ML

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS 20170822 2

<h4>Objectives</h4>The present study examined the relative contribution of recent or long-term heading to neuropsychological function in amateur adult soccer players.<h4>Participants and methods</h4>Soccer players completed a baseline questionnaire (HeadCount-12m) to ascertain heading during the prior 12 months (long-term heading, LTH) and an online questionnaire (HeadCount-2w) every 3 months to ascertain heading during the prior 2 weeks (recent heading, RH). Cogstate, a battery of six neuropsyc ...[more]

PMID: 28829004

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Project description:ImportanceEmerging evidence suggests that long-term exposure to ball heading in soccer, the most popular sport in the world, confers risk for adverse cognitive outcomes. However, the extent to which the apolipoprotein E ?4 (APOE ?4) allele, a common risk factor for neurodegeneration, and ball heading are associated with cognition in soccer players remains unknown.ObjectiveTo determine whether the APOE ?4 allele and 12-month ball heading exposure are associated with verbal memory in a cohort of adult amateur soccer players.Design, settings, and participantsA total of 379 amateur soccer players were enrolled in the longitudinal Einstein Soccer Study from November 11, 2013, through January 23, 2018. Selection criteria included participation in soccer for more than 5 years and for more than 6 months per year. Of the 379 individuals enrolled in the study, 355 were genotyped. Three players were excluded for reporting extreme levels of heading. Generalized estimating equation linear regression models were employed to combine data across visits for a cross-sectional analysis of the data.ExposuresAt each study visit every 3 to 6 months, players completed the HeadCount 12-Month Questionnaire, a validated, computer-based questionnaire to estimate 12-month heading exposure that was categorized as low (quartiles 1 and 2), moderate (quartile 3), and high (quartile 4).Main outcome and measuresVerbal memory was assessed at each study visit using the International Shopping List Delayed Recall task from CogState.ResultsA total of 352 soccer players (256 men and 96 women; median age, 23 years [interquartile range, 21-28 years]) across a total of 1204 visits were analyzed. High levels of heading were associated with worse verbal memory performance (??=?-0.59; 95% CI, -0.93 to -0.25; P?=?.001). There was no main association of APOE ?4 with verbal memory (??=?0.09; 95% CI, -0.24 to 0.42; P?=?.58). However, there was a significant association of APOE ?4 and heading with performance on the ISRL task (?2?=?7.22; P?=?.03 for overall interaction). In APOE ?4-positive players, poorer verbal memory associated with high vs low heading exposure was 4.1-fold greater (APOE ?4 negative, ??=?-0.36; 95% CI, -0.75 to 0.03; APOE ?4 positive, ??=?-1.49; 95% CI, -2.05 to -0.93), and poorer verbal memory associated with high vs moderate heading exposure was 8.5-fold greater (APOE ?4 negative, ??=?-0.13; 95% CI, -0.54 to 0.29; APOE ?4 positive, ??=?-1.11, 95% CI, -1.70 to -0.53) compared with that in APOE ?4-negative players.Conclusions and relevanceThis study suggests that the APOE ?4 allele is a risk factor for worse memory performance associated with higher heading exposure in the prior year, which highlights that assessing genetic risks may ultimately play a role in promoting safer soccer play.

Project description:BackgroundWhile the incidence of ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR) has increased across all levels of play, few studies have investigated the long-term outcomes in nonprofessional athletes.PurposeTo determine the rate of progression to higher levels of play, long-term patient-reported outcomes (PROs), and long-term patient satisfaction in nonprofessional baseball players after UCLR.Study designCase series; Level of evidence, 4.MethodsWe evaluated UCLR patients who were nonprofessional baseball athletes aged <25 years at a minimum of 5 years postoperatively. Patients were assessed with the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic Shoulder and Elbow Score (KJOC), the Timmerman-Andrews (T-A) Elbow score, the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS), and a custom return-to-play questionnaire.ResultsA total of 91 baseball players met the inclusion criteria, and 67 (74%) patients were available to complete the follow-up surveys at a mean follow-up of 8.9 years (range, 5.5-13.9 years). At the time of the surgery, the mean age was 18.9 ± 1.9 years (range, 15-24 years). Return to play at any level was achieved in 57 (85%) players at a mean time of 12.6 months. Twenty-two (32.8%) of the initial cohort returned to play at the professional level. Also, 43 (79.1%) patients who initially returned to play after surgery reported not playing baseball at the final follow-up; of those patients, 12 reported their elbow as the main reason for eventual retirement. The overall KJOC, MEPS, and T-A scores were 82.8 ± 18.5 (range, 36-100), 96.7 ± 6.7 (range, 75-100), and 91.9 ± 11.4 (range, 50-100), respectively . There was an overall satisfaction score of 90.6 ± 21.5 out of 100, and 64 (95.5%) patients reported that they would undergo UCLR again.ConclusionIn nonprofessional baseball players after UCLR, there was a high rate of progression to higher levels of play. Long-term PRO scores and patient satisfaction were high. The large majority of patients who underwent UCLR would undergo surgery again at long-term follow-up, regardless of career advancement.

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Recent and Long-Term Soccer Heading Exposure Is Differentially Associated With Neuropsychological Function in Amateur Players.

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Recent and Long-Term Soccer Heading Exposure Is Differentially Associated With Neuropsychological Function in Amateur Players.

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