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Genetic and epigenetic sex-specific adaptations to endurance exercise.

ABSTRACT: In recent years, the interest in personalised interventions such as medicine, nutrition, and exercise is rapidly rising to maximize health outcomes and ensure the most appropriate treatments. Exercising regularly is recommended for both healthy and diseased populations to improve health. However, there are sex-specific adaptations to exercise that often are not taken into consideration. While endurance exercise training alters the human skeletal muscle epigenome and subsequent gene expression, it is still unknown whether it does so differently in men and women, potentially leading to sex-specific physiological adaptations. Elucidating sex differences in genetics, epigenetics, gene regulation and expression in response to exercise will have great health implications, as it may enable gene targets in future clinical interventions and may better individualised interventions. This review will cover this topic and highlight the recent findings of sex-specific genetic, epigenetic, and gene expression studies, address the gaps in the field, and offer recommendations for future research.

SUBMITTER: Landen S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6557612 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Genetic and epigenetic sex-specific adaptations to endurance exercise.

Landen Shanie S Voisin Sarah S Craig Jeffrey M JM McGee Sean L SL Lamon Séverine S Eynon Nir N

Epigenetics 20190413 6

In recent years, the interest in personalised interventions such as medicine, nutrition, and exercise is rapidly rising to maximize health outcomes and ensure the most appropriate treatments. Exercising regularly is recommended for both healthy and diseased populations to improve health. However, there are sex-specific adaptations to exercise that often are not taken into consideration. While endurance exercise training alters the human skeletal muscle epigenome and subsequent gene expression, i ...[more]

PMID: 30957644

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Project description:IntroductionRecently, it has been speculated that protein supplementation may further augment the adaptations to chronic endurance exercise training. We assessed the effect of protein supplementation during chronic endurance exercise training on whole-body oxidative capacity (V˙O2max) and endurance exercise performance.MethodsIn this double-blind, randomized, parallel placebo-controlled trial, 60 recreationally active males (age, 27 ± 6 yr; body mass index, 23.8 ± 2.6 kg·m; V˙O2max, 47 ± 6 mL·min·kg) were subjected to 12 wk of triweekly endurance exercise training. After each session and each night before sleep, participants ingested either a protein supplement (PRO; 28.7 g casein protein) or an isoenergetic carbohydrate placebo (PLA). Before and after the 12 wk of training, V˙O2max and endurance exercise performance (~10-km time trial) were assessed on a cycle ergometer. Muscular endurance (total workload achieved during 30 reciprocal isokinetic contractions) was assessed by isokinetic dynamometry and body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Mixed-model ANOVA was applied to assess whether training adaptations differed between groups.ResultsEndurance exercise training induced an 11% ± 6% increase in V˙O2max (time effect, P < 0.0001), with no differences between groups (PRO, 48 ± 6 to 53 ± 7 mL·min·kg; PLA, 46 ± 5 to 51 ± 6 mL·min·kg; time-treatment interaction, P = 0.50). Time to complete the time trial was reduced by 14% ± 7% (time effect, P < 0.0001), with no differences between groups (time-treatment interaction, P = 0.15). Muscular endurance increased by 6% ± 7% (time effect, P < 0.0001), with no differences between groups (time-treatment interaction, P = 0.84). Leg lean mass showed an increase after training (P < 0.0001), which tended to be greater in PRO compared with PLA (0.5 ± 0.7 vs 0.2 ± 0.6 kg, respectively; time-treatment interaction, P = 0.073).ConclusionProtein supplementation after exercise and before sleep does not further augment the gains in whole-body oxidative capacity and endurance exercise performance after chronic endurance exercise training in recreationally active, healthy young males.

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Genetic and epigenetic sex-specific adaptations to endurance exercise.

Publications

Genetic and epigenetic sex-specific adaptations to endurance exercise.

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