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Potentially inappropriate medication use among geriatric patients in primary care setting: A cross-sectional study using the Beers, STOPP, FORTA and MAI criteria.

ABSTRACT: Inappropriate prescribing is a risk factor for adverse drug reactions and hospitalizations in the elderly and places a considerable burden on the healthcare system. Hence, it is imperative to identify irrational prescribing and implement interventions to improve prescribing appropriateness in geriatric clinical practice. This study aimed to determine: (i) the prevalence of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) according to Beers STOPP, FORTA, and the Medication Appropriateness Index (MAI) criteria; (ii) the prevalence of potential prescribing omissions (PPOs) according to START criteria; and (iii) the predictors for PIMs and PPOs. A cross-sectional study was performed among elderly outpatients of 10 primary healthcare centers with specialized geriatric clinics in Kuwait. Four-hundred and seventy-eight patients were selected randomly, 420 (87.9%) agreed to participate. Data about chronic diseases and prescribed medications were obtained from the physicians by accessing the patients' medical records. Descriptive and multivariable logistic regression were used for data analysis. A total of 2645 medications were prescribed to all patients; mean (SD) number of medicines per patient was 6.3 (3.0). PIMs were present in 53.1%, 55.7%, and 44.3% of respondents, according to Beers, STOPP, and FORTA criteria, respectively. Almost 74% of respondents had one or more inappropriate ratings among their medications in the MAI criteria. According to START criteria, 19.8% of patients had at least one PPO. Respondents taking ≥ 5 medications were found to be using more PIMs according to Beers (OR: 6.3), STOPP (OR: 3.3), FORTA (OR: 6.0) and MAI (OR: 3.9) criteria in comparison to those taking ≤ 4 medications (p<0.001). The MAI revealed a significantly higher number of medications with inappropriate ratings compared to the Beers, STOPP and FORTA criteria (p<0.001). Taking the MAI as reference standard, STOPP criteria had the highest sensitivity (68.6%) and measure of agreement (Kappa index = 0.40) to detect PIMs compared with Beers and FORTA criteria. Inappropriate prescribing is common among the elderly in the primary geriatric clinics. This necessitates further evaluation of its impact on clinical outcomes and warrants efforts to implement interventions to improve prescribing practice in these settings.

SUBMITTER: Awad A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6563997 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundSeveral classifications to identify and avoid use of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) in the elderly have been published. To what extent these classifications match each other and whether there are differences in the prevalence of PIM use at admission, during the inpatient stay and at discharge are largely unreported.ObjectivesTo determine the PIM prevalence in elderly patients at a university hospital, with a special focus on different classification systems and the chronological sequence, and to examine a possible association between PIM use and the reason for admission, as well as severe side effects and consequences of PIM use during hospitalization.MethodsOn the basis of the criteria provided by FORTA (Fit for the Aged), PRISCUS (Latin for 'time-honoured') and STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Persons' Potentially Inappropriate Prescriptions), medication in patients over the age of 65 years was screened retrospectively within four point prevalence analyses at admission, during the inpatient stay and at discharge. Evaluation of a possible association between PIM use and the primary diagnosis or severe side effects during hospitalization was performed according to an analysis using the World Health Organization Uppsala Monitoring Centre system for standardized case causality assessment.ResultsOf 200 patients, 176 (88 %) received at least one PIM at admission, during the inpatient stay and/or at discharge (116 patients according to FORTA, 113 according to PRISCUS and 138 according to STOPP). When the PIM prevalence was compared between the three different sets of criteria, STOPP identified significantly more patients receiving PIMs than FORTA (P = 0.022) and PRISCUS (P = 0.010). At the patient level and at the drug level, the use of PIMs increased during the inpatient stay; however, the PIM prevalence was similar at admission and at discharge, both at the patient level and at the drug level.ConclusionMedication is rated significantly differently by FORTA, PRISCUS and STOPP. In addition, a significant rise in prescribing of PIMs during the inpatient stay illustrates that a reduction in PIM use during the inpatient stay is essential, as it is known that avoiding PIM use in older adults is one strategy to decrease the risk of adverse events.

Project description:Background: Age-related comorbidities prone older adults to polypharmacy and to an increased risk of potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use. This work aims to analyze the concordance and overlap among the EU(7)-PIM list, 2019 Beers criteria, and Screening Tool of Older Person's Prescriptions (STOPP) version 2 criteria and also to analyze the prevalence of PIM. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on older inpatients of an internal medicine ward. Demographic, clinical, and pharmacological data were collected, during March 2020. After PIM identification by the EU(7)-PIM list, Beers criteria, and STOPP v2 criteria, the concordance and overlap between criteria were analyzed. A descriptive analysis was performed, and all the results with a p-value lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 616 older patients were included in the study whose median age was 85 (Q1-Q3) (78-89) years. Most of the older patients were male (51.6%), and the median (Q1-Q3) number of days of hospitalization was 17 (13-22) days. According to the EU(7)-PIM list, Beers criteria, and STOPP criteria, 79.7, 92.0, and 76.5% of older adults, respectively, used at least one PIM. A poor concordance (<63.4%) among criteria was observed. An association between PIM and the number of prescribed medicines was found in all applied criteria. Moreover, an association between the number of PIMs and diagnoses of endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases, mental, behavioral, and neurodevelopmental disorders, and circulatory system diseases and days of hospitalization was observed according to Beers criteria, and that with diseases of the circulatory system and musculoskeletal system and connective tissue was observed according to STOPP criteria. Conclusion: Despite the poor concordance between the EU(7)-PIM list, 2019 Beers, and STOPP v2 criteria, this work highlights the need for more studies in inpatients to develop strategies to facilitate the identification of PIM to decrease the high prevalence of PIM in hospitalized patients. The poor concordance among criteria also highlights the need to develop new tools adapting the existing criteria to medical ward inpatients.

Project description:BackgroundThe Hong Kong-specific criteria have been established in 2019 to assess potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use in older adults and improve the local prescribing quality. The aim of this study was to compare the adaptive versions of the Hong Kong-specific criteria and 2015 Beers criteria for assessing the prevalence and correlates of PIM use in Hong Kong older patients.MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2014 using the Hospital Authority (HA) database. A total of 489,301 older patients aged 65 years and older visiting general outpatient clinics (GOPCs) during the study period were included in the study. Two categories of PIM use included in the Hong Kong-specific criteria and 2015 Beers criteria, i.e. PIMs independent of diagnoses and PIMs considering specific medical conditions, were adapted to assess the prevalence of PIM use among the study sample. Characteristics of PIM users and the most frequently prescribed PIMs were investigated for each set of the criteria. Factors associated with PIM use were identified using the stepwise multivariable logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe adaptive Hong Kong-specific criteria could detect a higher prevalence of patients exposed to at least one PIM than that assessed by the adaptive Beers criteria (49.5% vs 47.5%). Meanwhile, the adaptive Hong Kong-specific criteria could identify a higher rate of patients exposed to PIMs independent of diagnoses (48.1% vs 46.8%) and PIMs considering specific medical conditions (7.3% vs 4.9%) compared with that of the adaptive Beers criteria. The most frequently prescribed PIMs detected by the adaptive Beers criteria were all included in the adaptive Hong Kong-specific criteria. The strongest factor associated with PIM use was number of different medications prescribed. Patients with female gender, aged 65 ~ 74 years, a larger number of GOPC visits, and more than six diagnoses were associated with greater risk of PIM use, whereas advancing age was associated with lower risk of PIM use.ConclusionsThe adaptive Hong Kong-specific criteria could detect a higher prevalence of PIM use than the adaptive Beers criteria in older adults visiting GOPCs in Hong Kong. It is necessary to update the prevalence and correlates of PIM use regularly in older adults to monitor the burden of PIM use and identify vulnerable patients who need further interventions.

Project description:ObjectivesTo compare the predictive validity of the 2003 Beers, 2012 American Geriatrics Society (AGS) Beers, and Screening Tool of Older Persons' potentially inappropriate Prescriptions (STOPP) criteria.DesignRetrospective cohort.SettingManaged care administrative claims data from 2006 to 2009.ParticipantsCommercially insured persons aged 65 and older in the United States (N=174,275).MeasurementsAssociation between adverse drug events (ADEs), emergency department (ED) visits, and hospitalization outcomes and inappropriate medication use using time-varying Cox proportional hazard models. Measures of model discrimination (c-index) and hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated to compare unadjusted and adjusted models for associations.ResultsThe prevalence of inappropriate prescribing was 34.1% for the 2012 AGS Beers criteria, 32.2% for the 2003 Beers criteria, and 27.6% for the STOPP criteria. Each set of criteria modestly discriminated ADEs in unadjusted analyses (STOPP criteria: hazard ratio (HR)=2.89, 95% confidence interval (CI)=2.68-3.12, C-index=0.607; 2012 AGS Beers criteria: HR=2.51, 95% CI=2.33-2.70, C-index=0.603; 2003 Beers criteria: HR=2.65, 95% CI=2.46-2.85, C-index=0.605). Similar results were observed for ED visits and hospitalizations. The c-indices increased to between 0.65 and 0.70 in adjusted analyses. The kappa for agreement between criteria was 0.80 for the 2003 and 2012 AGS Beers criteria, 0.58 for the 2012 AGS Beers and STOPP criteria, and 0.59 for the 2003 Beers and STOPP criteria. For the three outcomes, the 2012 AGS Beers criteria had the highest sensitivity (61.2-71.2%) and the lowest specificity (41.2-70.7%), and the STOPP criteria had the lowest sensitivity (53.8-64.7%) but the highest specificity (47.8-78.1%).ConclusionAll three criteria were modestly prognostic for ADEs, EDs, and hospitalizations, with the STOPP criteria slightly outperforming both Beers criteria. With low sensitivity, low specificity, and low agreement between the criteria, they can be used in a complementary fashion to enhance sensitivity in detecting ADEs.

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Potentially inappropriate medication use among geriatric patients in primary care setting: A cross-sectional study using the Beers, STOPP, FORTA and MAI criteria.

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