Dataset Information

Light-In-Flight Imaging by a Silicon Image Sensor: Toward the Theoretical Highest Frame Rate.

ABSTRACT: Light in flight was captured by a single shot of a newly developed backside-illuminated multi-collection-gate image sensor at a frame interval of 10 ns without high-speed gating devices such as a streak camera or post data processes. This paper reports the achievement and further evolution of the image sensor toward the theoretical temporal resolution limit of 11.1 ps derived by the authors. The theoretical analysis revealed the conditions to minimize the temporal resolution. Simulations show that the image sensor designed following the specified conditions and fabricated by existing technology will achieve a frame interval of 50 ps. The sensor, 200 times faster than our latest sensor will innovate advanced analytical apparatuses using time-of-flight or lifetime measurements, such as imaging TOF-MS, FLIM, pulse neutron tomography, PET, LIDAR, and more, beyond these known applications.

SUBMITTER: Etoh TG

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6567881 | biostudies-literature | 2019 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Light-In-Flight Imaging by a Silicon Image Sensor: Toward the Theoretical Highest Frame Rate.

Etoh Takeharu Goji TG Okinaka Tomoo T Takano Yasuhide Y Takehara Kohsei K Nakano Hitoshi H Shimonomura Kazuhiro K Ando Taeko T Ngo Nguyen N Kamakura Yoshinari Y Dao Vu Truon Son VTS Nguyen Anh Quang AQ Charbon Edoardo E Zhang Chao C De Moor Piet P Goetschalckx Paul P Haspeslagh Luc L

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 20190515 10

Light in flight was captured by a single shot of a newly developed backside-illuminated multi-collection-gate image sensor at a frame interval of 10 ns without high-speed gating devices such as a streak camera or post data processes. This paper reports the achievement and further evolution of the image sensor toward the theoretical temporal resolution limit of 11.1 ps derived by the authors. The theoretical analysis revealed the conditions to minimize the temporal resolution. Simulations show th ...[more]

PMID: 31096653

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Project description:SignificanceDynamic photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) is a valuable imaging technique for monitoring physiological processes. However, current dynamic PACT imaging techniques are often limited to two-dimensional spatial imaging. Although volumetric PACT imagers are commercially available, these systems typically employ a rotating measurement gantry in which the tomographic data are sequentially acquired as opposed to being acquired simultaneously at all views. Because the dynamic object varies during the data-acquisition process, the sequential data-acquisition process poses substantial challenges to image reconstruction associated with data incompleteness. The proposed image reconstruction method is highly significant in that it will address these challenges and enable volumetric dynamic PACT imaging with existing preclinical imagers.AimThe aim of this study is to develop a spatiotemporal image reconstruction (STIR) method for dynamic PACT that can be applied to commercially available volumetric PACT imagers that employ a sequential scanning strategy. The proposed reconstruction method aims to overcome the challenges caused by the limited number of tomographic measurements acquired per frame.ApproachA low-rank matrix estimation-based STIR (LRME-STIR) method is proposed to enable dynamic volumetric PACT. The LRME-STIR method leverages the spatiotemporal redundancies in the dynamic object to accurately reconstruct a four-dimensional (4D) spatiotemporal image.ResultsThe conducted numerical studies substantiate the LRME-STIR method's efficacy in reconstructing 4D dynamic images from tomographic measurements acquired with a rotating measurement gantry. The experimental study demonstrates the method's ability to faithfully recover the flow of a contrast agent with a frame rate of 10 frames per second, even when only a single tomographic measurement per frame is available.ConclusionsThe proposed LRME-STIR method offers a promising solution to the challenges faced by enabling 4D dynamic imaging using commercially available volumetric PACT imagers. By enabling accurate STIRs, this method has the potential to significantly advance preclinical research and facilitate the monitoring of critical physiological biomarkers.

Project description:Although reduction of the cine electronic portal imaging device (EPID) acquisition frame rate through multiple frame averaging may reduce hardware memory burden and decrease image noise, it can hinder the continuity of soft-tissue motion leading to poor autotracking results. The impact of motion blurring and image noise on the tracking performance was investigated.Phantom and patient images were acquired at a frame rate of 12.87 Hz with an amorphous silicon portal imager (AS1000, Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA). The maximum frame rate of 12.87 Hz is imposed by the EPID. Low frame rate images were obtained by continuous frame averaging. A previously validated tracking algorithm was employed for autotracking. The difference between the programmed and autotracked positions of a Las Vegas phantom moving in the superior-inferior direction defined the tracking error (δ). Motion blurring was assessed by measuring the area change of the circle with the greatest depth. Additionally, lung tumors on 1747 frames acquired at 11 field angles from four radiotherapy patients are manually and automatically tracked with varying frame averaging. δ was defined by the position difference of the two tracking methods. Image noise was defined as the standard deviation of the background intensity. Motion blurring and image noise are correlated with δ using Pearson correlation coefficient (R).For both phantom and patient studies, the autotracking errors increased at frame rates lower than 4.29 Hz. Above 4.29 Hz, changes in errors were negligible withδ < 1.60 mm. Motion blurring and image noise were observed to increase and decrease with frame averaging, respectively. Motion blurring and tracking errors were significantly correlated for the phantom (R = 0.94) and patient studies (R = 0.72). Moderate to poor correlation was found between image noise and tracking error with R -0.58 and -0.19 for both studies, respectively.Cine EPID image acquisition at the frame rate of at least 4.29 Hz is recommended. Motion blurring in the images with frame rates below 4.29 Hz can significantly reduce the accuracy of autotracking.

Dataset Information

Light-In-Flight Imaging by a Silicon Image Sensor: Toward the Theoretical Highest Frame Rate.

Publications

Light-In-Flight Imaging by a Silicon Image Sensor: Toward the Theoretical Highest Frame Rate.

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