Developmental trends of performance monitoring measures in 7- to 25-year-olds: Unraveling the complex nature of brain measures.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Gavin WJ
PROVIDER: S-EPMC6570561 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Jul
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundRecruiting young people for health and intervention studies by traditional methods has become increasingly challenging. The widespread access to the internet may offer new strategies for online recruitment.ObjectiveThis study aims to assess the feasibility of online recruitment for a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of Mindhelper, an online national youth mental health promotion service. The target group was young Danes aged 15-25 in need of mental health promotion.MethodsAdvertisements for recruitment were set up on Facebook and Instagram. Browser history was collected for a subsample of participants. We compared basic characteristics of participants who completed the baseline survey and those who did not, as well as of participants who completed the follow-up survey and those who were lost to follow-up. The significance of these differences was tested with the Pearson chi-square test.ResultsA total of 560 Danes aged 15-25 were recruited within 1 month (ie, had completed the baseline survey). Among these participants, 356 (63.6%) were at risk of developing depression or stress. The average advertisement price per participant completing the baseline questionnaire was 31 DKK (approximately €4 [US $4.2]). The follow-up survey was sent to 545 participants, of whom 318 (58.3%) completed the survey. No statistically significant differences were observed in baseline characteristics of participants who completed the follow-up and those who were lost to follow-up in terms of gender (P=.45), age (P=.35), occupation (P=.17), cohabitation (P=.90), mental well-being (P=.26), mental illness (P=.44; impact of the illness, P=.05), or use of the internet when having a hard time (P=.92).ConclusionsWe conclude that it is feasible to recruit young Danes online for a large-scale randomized controlled trial assessing the effectiveness of Mindhelper.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04650906; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04650906.
| S-EPMC9178448 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Different functional networks exhibit distinct longitudinal trajectories throughout development, but the timeline of the dynamics of functional connectivity across the whole brain remains to be elucidated. Here we used resting-state fMRI to investigate the development of voxel-level changes in functional connectivity across the first six years of life. Globally, we found that developmental changes in functional connectivity are nonlinear with more changes during the first postnatal year than the second, followed by most significant changes from ages 2-4 and from ages 4-6. However, the overall global difference observed between the first and second year appears to have been driven by girls. Limbic and subcortical areas consistently demonstrated the most substantial changes, whereas primary sensory areas were the most stable. These patterns were consistent in full-term and preterm subgroups. Validation on randomly divided subsamples as well as in an independent cross-sectional sample revealed global patterns consistent with the main results. Overall, the derived developmental heatmaps reveal novel dynamics underlying functional circuit development during the first 6 years of life.
| S-EPMC8246150 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeThe mismatch between the number of young people that require mental health care and who actually receive it, questions access to care. This study aims to gain in-depth understanding of barriers and facilitators in the pathway to mental health care among 12 to 25 year olds as experienced by visitors of youth walk-in centres of the Dutch @ease Foundation.MethodsOpen interviews were conducted to explore participants' experiences and attitudes towards mental health care. Following inductive thematic analysis, barriers and facilitators in participants' pathways towards care were described.ResultsFifteen participants were included, heterogenic with regard to age, sex and nationality. Three main themes in the process of seeking help were 'attitudes towards mental health problems and seeking help', 'entrance to care' and 'in care itself'. A fourth theme consisted of suggestions for improvement.ConclusionNegative attitudes towards mental health problems make young people to only seek help when problems begin to escalate. The lack of knowledge about mental health problems, treatment options and costs asks for more awareness and clear information. Updates about waiting lists and alternative options, informal settings with walk-in options and personalized care are feasible and crucial improvements to decrease the individual and societal burden.
| S-EPMC8405110 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundYoung people (18-25 years) during the adolescence/adulthood transition are vulnerable to weight gain and notoriously hard to reach. Despite increased levels of overweight/obesity in this age group, physical activity behaviour, a major contributor to obesity, is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to explore physical activity (PA) behaviour among 18-25 year olds with influential factors including attitudes, motivators and barriers.MethodsAn explanatory mixed method study design, based on health Behaviour Change Theories was used. Those at university/college and in the community, including those Not in Education, Employment or Training (NEET) were included. An initial self reported quantitative questionnaire survey underpinned by the Theory of Planned Behaviour and Social Cognitive Theory was conducted. 1313 questionnaires were analysed. Results from this were incorporated into a qualitative phase also grounded in these theories. Seven focus groups were conducted among similar young people, varying in education and socioeconomic status. Exploratory univariate analysis was followed by multi staged modelling to analyse the quantitative data. 'Framework Analysis' was used to analyse the focus groups.ResultsOnly 28% of 18-25 year olds achieved recommended levels of PA which decreased with age. Self-reported overweight/obesity prevalence was 22%, increasing with age, particularly in males. Based on the statistical modelling, positive attitudes toward PA were strong predictors of physical activity associated with being physically active and less sedentary. However, strong intentions to do exercise, was not associated with actual behaviour. Interactive discussions through focus groups unravelled attitudes and barriers influencing PA behaviour. Doing PA to feel good and to enjoy themselves was more important for young people than the common assumptions of 'winning' and 'pleasing others'. Further this age group saw traditional health promotion messages as 'empty' and 'fear of their future health' was not a motivating factor to change current behaviour.Conclusion18-25 year olds are a difficult group to reach and have low levels of PA. Factors such as, 'enjoyment', 'appearance 'and 'feeling good' were deemed important by this specific age group. A targeted intervention incorporating these crucial elements should be developed to improve and sustain PA levels.
| S-EPMC3490897 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundSince the mid-1990s, excess mortality has increased markedly for adults aged 25-44 years in the north compared with the south of England. We examined the underlying causes of this excess mortality and the contribution of socioeconomic deprivation.MethodsMortality data from the Office of National Statistics for adults aged 25-44 years were aggregated and compared between England's five most northern versus five most southern government office regions between Jan 1, 1981, and Dec 31, 2016. Poisson regression models, adjusted for age and sex, were used to quantify excess mortality in the north compared with the south by underlying cause of death (accidents, alcohol related, cardiovascular disease and diabetes, drug related, suicide, cancer, and other causes). The role of socioeconomic deprivation, as measured by the 2015 Index of Multiple Deprivation, in explaining the excess and regional variability was also explored.FindingsA mortality divide between the north and south appeared in the mid-1990s and rapidly expanded thereafter for deaths attributed to accidents, alcohol misuse, and drug misuse. In the 2014-16 period, the northern excess was incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1·47 (95% CI 1·39-1·54) for cardiovascular reasons, 2·09 (1·94-2·25) for alcohol misuse, and 1·60 (1·51-1·70) for drug misuse, across both men and women aged 25-44 years. National mortality rates for cardiovascular deaths declined over the study period but a longstanding gap between north and south persisted (from 33·3 [95% CI 31·8-34·8] in 1981 to 15·0 [14·0-15·9] in 2016 in the north vs from 23·5 [22·3-24·8] to 9·9 [9·2-10·5] in the south). Between 2014 and 2016, estimated excess numbers of death in the north versus the south for those aged 25-44 years were 1881 (95% CI 726-2627) for women and 3530 (2216-4511) for men. Socioeconomic deprivation explained up to two-thirds of the excess mortality in the north (IRR for northern effect reduced from 1·15 [95% CI 1·14-1·15; unadjusted] to 1·05 [1·04-1·05; adjusted for Index of Multiple Deprivation]). By 2016, in addition to the persistent north-south gap, mortality rates in London were lower than in all other regions, with IRRs ranging from IRR 1·13 (95% CI 1·12-1·15) for the East England to 1·22 (1·20-1·24) for the North East, even after adjusting for deprivation.InterpretationSharp relative rises in deaths from cardiovascular reasons, alcohol misuse and drug misuse in the north compared with the south seem to have created new health divisions between England's regions. This gap might be due to exacerbation of existing social and health inequalities that have been experienced for many years. These divisions might suggest increasing psychological distress, despair, and risk taking among young and middle-aged adults, particularly outside of London.FundingMedical Research Council and Wellcome Trust.
| S-EPMC6277813 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Infants' ability to remember objects and their locations emerges during the first year of life. However, not much is known about infants' ability to track objects' identities in a dynamic environment. Here, we tailored the delayed match retrieval eye-tracking paradigm to study infants' ability to track two object identities during occlusion-an infant version of multiple identity tracking (MIT). Delayed match retrieval uses virtual "cards" as stimuli that are first shown face up, exposing to-be-remembered information, and then turned face down, occluding it. Here, cards were subject to movement during the face-down occlusion period. We used complex non-nameable objects as card faces to discourage verbal rehearsal. In three experiments (N = 110), we compared infants' ability to track object identities when two previously exposed cards were static (Experiment 1), were moved into new positions along the same trajectory (Experiment 2), or were moved along different trajectories (Experiment 3) while face down. We found that 20-month-olds could remember two object identities when static; however, it was not until 25 months of age that infants could track when movement was introduced. Our results show that the ability to track multiple identities in visual working memory is present by 25 months.
| S-EPMC8035833 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disability that affects social behavior and language acquisition. ASD exhibits great variability in outcomes, with some individuals remaining nonverbal and others exhibiting average or above average function. Cognitive ability contributes to heterogeneity in autism and serves as a modest predictor of later function. We show that a brain measure (event-related potentials, ERPs) of word processing in children with ASD, assessed at the age of 2 years (N?=?24), is a broad and robust predictor of receptive language, cognitive ability, and adaptive behavior at ages 4 and 6 years, regardless of the form of intensive clinical treatment during the intervening years. The predictive strength of this brain measure increases over time, and exceeds the predictive strength of a measure of cognitive ability, used here for comparison. These findings have theoretical implications and may eventually lead to neural measures that allow early prediction of developmental outcomes as well as more individually tailored clinical interventions, with the potential for greater effectiveness in treating children with ASD.
| S-EPMC3666972 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundMany countries offer systematic group prevention programs in kindergarten and school in order to promote children's oral health. Little is known, however, about the actual toothbrushing abilities of children when group prevention programs end.MethodsIn Germany, all children take advantage from a nationwide group prevention program (called "Gruppenprophylaxe") lasting from kindergarten up to sixth grade (12 years of age). Standardized recommendations are given concerning brushing systematics and brushing movements. N = 174 children at the age of 12 were thus randomly selected from two German towns and were asked to perform toothbrushing to the best of their abilities in front of a mirror which also served as a camera. Brushing behavior was analyzed by video analysis.ResultsChildren brushed their teeth for an average of 200 s ± 80.48 s (mean ± SD). Still, more than 55% missed at least one sextant when brushing inner surfaces, 16% missed them all. Only 7.5% of the children brushed both inner and outer surfaces by the intended movements (vertical movements on the inner surfaces and circular movements on the outer surfaces) for at least 90% of the respective brushing time. Instead, horizontal brushing was very common on the lateral surfaces.ConclusionsThe present analysis indicates that children have low efficiency to adopt the tooth-brushing recommendations given in prevention programs. This is surprising as great endeavors are made to help children internalize the recommendations. Future research is needed to better understand which factors impede adoption of toothbrushing recommendations in children and which efforts are necessary to improve their toothbrushing abilities.
| S-EPMC6489256 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesTo estimate hepatitis B virus (HBV) seroprevalence from natural infection or vaccination in 10-25-year-olds in Mexico, using the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT).MethodsRandomly selected serum samples (1,581) from adolescents and young adults, representative of 38,924,584 Mexicans, were analyzed to detect hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) and hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc). Weighted HBV seroprevalence in the Mexican population and association with sociodemographic variables were calculated.ResultsOverall weighted seroprevalence from natural infection (positive for anti-HBs and anti-HBc) was 0.23% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.10-0.52). No HBsAg was detected, indicating no acute or chronic infection. Vaccine-derived immunity (positive ≥ 10.0 mIU/ml for anti-HBs and negative to anti-HBc) was 44.7% (95% CI: 40.2-49.4) overall; lower in persons aged 20-25 years (40.83%) than in persons aged 10-19 years (47.7%). Among the population analyzed, 54.2% (95% CI: 49.6-58.8) were seronegative to HBV (negative for all three markers) and no sociodemographic risk factors were identified.ConclusionsHBV seroprevalence from natural infection was low. Vaccination-induced immunity was higher among Mexican adolescents than young adults, possibly due to vaccination policies since 1999.
| S-EPMC6422518 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundCerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), a cerebral small vessel disease affecting leptomeningeal and cortical small blood vessels, is a common cause of spontaneous lobar intracerebral hemorrhage and cognitive impairment, particularly in elderly patients. This study aims to investigate the field of CAA research from a scientometric perspective.MethodsPublications related to CAA from January 1st, 1999 to September 29th, 2023 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. The scientometric software VOSviewer and CiteSpace were used to analyze and visualize the publication trends, countries/regions, institutions, authors, journals, cited references, and keywords of CAA.ResultsA total of 2,798 publications related to CAA from 73 countries/regions, led by the United States, were included. The number of publications showed an increasing trend over time. Massachusetts General Hospital was the most productive institution, and authors Greenberg and Charidimou published the most papers and were most frequently co-cited. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease was the most prolific journal in this field, and Neurology was the most co-cited journal. Apart from "cerebral amyloid angiopathy", the most frequently used keywords were "Alzheimer's disease", "amyloid beta", "intracerebral hemorrhage", and "dementia". The burst keywords in recent years included "cortical superficial siderosis" and "dysfunction".ConclusionsThis scientometric analysis provides a comprehensive overview of CAA research over the past 25 years, and offers important insights for future research directions and scientific decision-making in this field.
| S-EPMC10800472 | biostudies-literature