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Effect of Obesity and Exercise Training on Plasma Amino Acids and Amino Metabolites in American Indian Adolescents.

ABSTRACT: CONTEXT:Amino acids (AAs) and their metabolites are altered with obesity and may be predictive of future diabetes in adults, but there are fewer studies on AAs, as well as conflicting findings on how they vary with obesity, in adolescents. OBJECTIVE:To determine whether plasma AAs vary with body composition and insulin sensitivity and are altered in response to exercise training. DESIGN:Cross-sectional, and an exercise intervention. SETTING:Tribal wellness center. PARTICIPANTS:American Indian boys and girls, 11 to 17 years of age with obesity (Ob, n = 58) or normal weight (NW, n = 36). INTERVENTION:The Ob group completed 16 weeks of aerobic exercise training. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:A panel of 42 plasma AAs. RESULTS:Compared with the NW group, the Ob group had lower aerobic fitness and insulin sensitivity (interactive homeostasis model assessment 2), 17 AAs that were higher, and 7 AAs that were lower. Branched-chain AAs (+10% to 16%), aromatic AAs (+15% to 32%), and glutamate were among the higher AAs; all were positively correlated with body fat and negatively correlated with insulin sensitivity. The lysine metabolite 2-aminoadipic acid (2-AAA) and the valine metabolite ?-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA) were 47% higher and 29% lower, respectively, in the Ob group, and were positively (2-AAA) and negatively (BAIBA) correlated with insulin sensitivity. Exercise training increased aerobic fitness by 10%, but body composition, insulin sensitivity, and AAs were not significantly changed. CONCLUSIONS:Several plasma AAs are altered in American Indian adolescents with obesity and are associated with insulin sensitivity, but they were not altered with this exercise intervention.

SUBMITTER: Short KR

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6584131 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Effect of Obesity and Exercise Training on Plasma Amino Acids and Amino Metabolites in American Indian Adolescents.

Short Kevin R KR Chadwick Jennifer Q JQ Teague April M AM Tullier Mary A MA Wolbert Lisa L Coleman Charlotte C Copeland Kenneth C KC

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 20190801 8

<h4>Context</h4>Amino acids (AAs) and their metabolites are altered with obesity and may be predictive of future diabetes in adults, but there are fewer studies on AAs, as well as conflicting findings on how they vary with obesity, in adolescents.<h4>Objective</h4>To determine whether plasma AAs vary with body composition and insulin sensitivity and are altered in response to exercise training.<h4>Design</h4>Cross-sectional, and an exercise intervention.<h4>Setting</h4>Tribal wellness center.<h4 ...[more]

PMID: 31216576

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Project description:AimsTo evaluate whether the association between plasma branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and intrahepatic lipid (IHL) was affected by physical activity level. Furthermore, to investigate if a conventional exercise training program, a subcategory of physical activity, could lower plasma BCAA along with alterations in IHL content in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and people with nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL).MethodsTo investigate the effect of physical activity on the association between plasma BCAA and IHL content, linear regression analyses were performed in 1983 individuals from the Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity (NEO) stratified by physical activity frequency. Furthermore, the effect of a 12-week supervised combined aerobic resistance-exercise program on plasma BCAA, insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp), and IHL (proton-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS)) was investigated in seven patients with T2DM, seven individuals with NAFL and seven BMI-matched control participants (CON).ResultsWe observed positive associations between plasma valine, isoleucine and leucine level, and IHL content (1.29 (95% CI: 1.21, 1.38), 1.52 (95% CI: 1.43, 1.61), and 1.54 (95% CI: 1.44, 1.64) times IHL, respectively, per standard deviation of plasma amino acid level). Similar associations were observed in less active versus more active individuals. Exercise training did not change plasma BCAA levels among groups, but reduced IHL content in NAFL (from 11.6 ± 3.0% pre-exercise to 8.1 ± 2.0% post exercise, p < 0.05) and CON (from 2.4 ± 0.6% pre-exercise to 1.6 ± 1.4% post exercise, p < 0.05), and improved peripheral insulin sensitivity in NAFL as well by ~23% (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe association between plasma BCAA levels and IHL is not affected by physical activity level. Exercise training reduced IHL without affecting plasma BCAA levels in individuals with NAFL and CON. We conclude that exercise training-induced reduction in IHL content is not related to changes in plasma BCAA levels.Trial registrationTrial registry number: NCT01317576.

Project description:Key pointsObesity results in perilymphatic inflammation and lymphatic dysfunction. Lymphatic dysfunction in obesity is characterized by decreased lymphatic vessel density, decreased collecting lymphatic vessel pumping frequency, decreased lymphatic trafficking of immune cells, increased lymphatic vessel leakiness and changes in the gene expression patterns of lymphatic endothelial cells. Aerobic exercise, independent of weight loss, decreases perilymphatic inflammatory cell accumulation, improves lymphatic function and reverses pathological changes in gene expression in lymphatic endothelial cells.AbstractAlthough previous studies have shown that obesity markedly decreases lymphatic function, the cellular mechanisms that regulate this response remain unknown. In addition, it is unclear whether the pathological effects of obesity on the lymphatic system are reversible with behavioural modifications. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to analyse lymphatic vascular changes in obese mice and to determine whether these pathological effects are reversible with aerobic exercise. We randomized obese mice to either aerobic exercise (treadmill running for 30 min per day, 5 days a week, for 6 weeks) or a sedentary group that was not exercised and analysed lymphatic function using a variety of outcomes. We found that sedentary obese mice had markedly decreased collecting lymphatic vessel pumping capacity, decreased lymphatic vessel density, decreased lymphatic migration of immune cells, increased lymphatic vessel leakiness and decreased expression of lymphatic specific markers compared with lean mice (all P < 0.01). Aerobic exercise did not cause weight loss but markedly improved lymphatic function compared with sedentary obese mice. Exercise had a significant anti-inflammatory effect, resulting in decreased perilymphatic accumulation of inflammatory cells and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. In addition, exercise normalized isolated lymphatic endothelial cell gene expression of lymphatic specific genes, including VEGFR-3 and Prox1. Taken together, our findings suggest that obesity impairs lymphatic function via multiple mechanisms and that these pathological changes can be reversed, in part, with aerobic exercise, independent of weight loss. In addition, our study shows that obesity-induced lymphatic endothelial cell gene expression changes are reversible with behavioural modifications.

Project description:IntroductionAlthough Indian Health Service, tribally-operated, and urban Indian (I/T/U) healthcare facilities have higher human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine series initiation and completion rates among adolescent patients aged 13-17 years than the general U.S. population, challenges remain. I/T/U facilities have lower coverage for HPV vaccine first dose compared with coverage for other adolescent vaccines, and HPV vaccine series completion rates are lower than initiation rates. Researchers aimed to assist I/T/U facilities in identifying interventions to increase HPV vaccination series initiation and completion rates.Study designBest practice and intervention I/T/U healthcare facilities were identified based on baseline adolescent HPV vaccine coverage data. Healthcare professionals were interviewed about barriers and facilitators to HPV vaccination. Researchers used responses and evidence-based practices to identify and assist facilities in implementing interventions to increase adolescent HPV vaccine series initiation and completion. Coverage and interview data were collected from June 2013 to June 2015; data were analyzed in 2015.Setting/participantsI/T/U healthcare facilities located within five Indian Health Service regions.InterventionInterventions included analyzing and providing feedback on facility vaccine coverage data, educating providers about HPV vaccine, expanding access to HPV vaccine, and establishing or expanding reminder recall and education efforts.Main outcome measuresImpact of evidence-based strategies and best practices to support HPV vaccination.ResultsMean baseline first dose coverage with HPV vaccine at best practice facilities was 78% compared with 46% at intervention facilities. Mean third dose coverage was 48% at best practice facilities versus 19% at intervention facilities. Intervention facilities implemented multiple low-cost, evidence-based strategies and best practices to increase vaccine coverage. At baseline, most facilities used electronic provider reminders, had standing orders in place for administering HPV vaccine, and administered tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis and HPV vaccines during the same visit. At intervention sites, mean coverage for HPV initiation and completion increased by 24% and 22%, respectively.ConclusionsA tailored multifaceted approach addressing vaccine delivery processes and patient and provider education may increase HPV vaccine coverage.

Project description:Despite the role of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in physiological processes such as nutrient signaling and protein synthesis, there is ongoing debate about the link between circulating BCAAs and insulin resistance (IR) in various populations. In healthy women, IR mildly increases during pregnancy, whereas both BCAAs and markers of BCAA catabolism decrease, indicating that fetal growth is being prioritized. Exercise reduces IR in nonpregnant adults, but less is known about the effect of exercise during pregnancy in women with obesity on IR and BCAA breakdown. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a moderate-intensity exercise intervention during pregnancy on maternal circulating BCAAs and markers of BCAA catabolism [short-chain acylcarnitines (ACs)], and their associations with IR. Healthy obese [n = 80, means ± SD; body mass index (BMI): 36.9 ± 5.7 kg/m2] pregnant women were randomized into an exercise (n = 40, aerobic/resistance 3×/wk, ∼13th gestation week until birth) or a nonexercise control (n = 40) group. Blood was collected at 12.2 ± 0.5 and 36.0 ± 0.4 gestation weeks and analyzed for BCAA-derived acylcarnitine concentrations as markers of BCAA breakdown toward oxidative pathways, and glucose and insulin concentrations [updated homeostatic model assessment of IR (HOMA2-IR)]. After adjusting for HOMA2-IR, there were no interaction effects of group by time. In addition, there was a main positive effect of time on HOMA2-IR (12 wk: 2.3 ± 0.2, 36 wk: 3.0 ± 0.2, P = 0.003). A moderate-intensity exercise intervention during pregnancy in women with obesity was not associated with changes in BCAA-derived ACs versus standard of care. The decrease in BCAA-derived ACs throughout gestation could not be explained by IR.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This research showed an increase in insulin resistance (IR) and decrease in branched-chain amino acid catabolism throughout gestation in women with obesity, and addition of a moderate exercise intervention (known to attenuate IR in nonpregnant populations) did not alter these shifts. Findings provide support for metabolic safety of exercise during pregnancy.

Dataset Information

Effect of Obesity and Exercise Training on Plasma Amino Acids and Amino Metabolites in American Indian Adolescents.

Publications

Effect of Obesity and Exercise Training on Plasma Amino Acids and Amino Metabolites in American Indian Adolescents.

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