Dataset Information

Effects of global and domestic tobacco control policies on cigarette consumption per capita: an evaluation using monthly data in China.

ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION:China consumes 44% of the world's cigarettes. Robust tobacco control measures are needed to contain the trend of increasing cigarette consumption. This paper examines the effectiveness of policy interventions introduced in China on reducing the country's tobacco use. METHODS:The paper uses data on China's monthly cigarette consumption per capita from January 2000 to June 2017 to estimate the impact of specific policies on China's tobacco consumption. Tobacco consumption is calculated from monthly sales data from the China National Tobacco Corporation and demographic data from the China National Bureau of Statistics. The policies studied include the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), national tobacco-related policy changes and two tobacco tax increases implemented in China during the study period. Segmented regression analysis is used to estimate the immediate effects of the policies studied and changes in the time trends resulted from these policy changes. FINDINGS:The impact of national policy changes in China is almost 20 times greater than the impact of the WHO FCTC treaty itself, and national policy changes in tobacco control are a determining factor in reversing the trend of increasing tobacco consumption in China. The 2015 tax increase, which raised retail cigarette prices, produced both immediate and trend effects, with a total incremental effect 7.8 times that of the 2009 tax increase, which did not result in higher cigarette prices for the consumer. INTERPRETATIONS:Translating global tobacco control policies into domestic policies will generate a much greater impact on reducing average cigarette consumption, and tobacco taxes that are reflected in the retail prices of cigarettes will be more effective in reducing cigarette consumption.

SUBMITTER: Xu X

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6588959 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Effects of global and domestic tobacco control policies on cigarette consumption per capita: an evaluation using monthly data in China.

Xu Xiaoxin X Zhang Xiulan X Hu Teh Wei TW Miller Leonard S LS Xu Mengnan M

BMJ open 20190619 6

<h4>Introduction</h4>China consumes 44% of the world's cigarettes. Robust tobacco control measures are needed to contain the trend of increasing cigarette consumption. This paper examines the effectiveness of policy interventions introduced in China on reducing the country's tobacco use.<h4>Methods</h4>The paper uses data on China's monthly cigarette consumption per capita from January 2000 to June 2017 to estimate the impact of specific policies on China's tobacco consumption. Tobacco consumpti ...[more]

PMID: 31221868

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Project description:ImportanceExpanding the use of buprenorphine for treating opioid use disorder is a critical component of the US response to the opioid crisis, but few studies have examined how state policies are associated with buprenorphine dispensing.ObjectiveTo examine the association of 6 selected state policies with the rate of individuals receiving buprenorphine per 1000 county residents.Design, setting, and participantsThis cross-sectional study used 2006 to 2018 US retail pharmacy claims data for individuals dispensed buprenorphine formulations indicated for treating opioid use disorder.ExposuresState implementation of policies requiring additional education for buprenorphine prescribers beyond waiver training, continuing medical education related to substance misuse and addiction, Medicaid coverage of buprenorphine, Medicaid expansion, mandatory prescriber use of prescription drug monitoring programs, and pain management clinic laws were examined.Main outcomes and measuresThe main outcome was buprenorphine treatment months per 1000 county residents as measured using multivariable longitudinal models. Statistical analyses were conducted from September 1, 2021, through April 30, 2022, with revised analyses conducted through February 28, 2023.ResultsThe mean (SD) number of months of buprenorphine treatment per 1000 persons nationally increased steadily from 1.47 (0.04) in 2006 to 22.80 (0.55) in 2018. Requiring that buprenorphine prescribers receive additional education beyond that required to obtain the federal X-waiver was associated with significant increases in the number of months of buprenorphine treatment per 1000 population in the 5 years following implementation of the requirement (from 8.51 [95% CI, 2.36-14.64] months in year 1 to 14.43 [95% CI, 2.61-26.26] months in year 5). Requiring continuing medical education for physician licensure related to substance misuse or addiction was associated with significant increases in buprenorphine treatment per 1000 population in each of the 5 years following policy implementation (from 7.01 [95% CI, 3.17-10.86] months in the first year to 11.43 [95% CI, 0.61-22.25] months in the fifth year). None of the other policies examined was associated with a significant change in buprenorphine months of treatment per 1000 county residents.Conclusions and relevanceIn this cross-sectional study of US pharmacy claims, state-mandated educational requirements beyond the initial training required to prescribe buprenorphine were associated with increased buprenorphine use over time. The findings suggest requiring education for buprenorphine prescribers and training in substance use disorder treatment for all controlled substance prescribers as an actionable proposal for increasing buprenorphine use, ultimately serving more patients. No single policy lever can ensure adequate buprenorphine supply; however, policy maker attention to the benefits of enhancing clinician education and knowledge may help to expand buprenorphine access.

Dataset Information

Effects of global and domestic tobacco control policies on cigarette consumption per capita: an evaluation using monthly data in China.

Publications

Effects of global and domestic tobacco control policies on cigarette consumption per capita: an evaluation using monthly data in China.

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