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Molecular mechanism of polyketide shortening in anthraquinone biosynthesis of Photorhabdus luminescens.

ABSTRACT: Anthraquinones, a widely distributed class of aromatic natural products, are produced by a type II polyketide synthase system in the Gram-negative bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens. Heterologous expression of the antABCDEFGHI anthraquinone biosynthetic gene cluster in Escherichia coli identified AntI as an unusual lyase, catalysing terminal polyketide shortening prior to formation of the third aromatic ring. Functional in vitro and in vivo analysis of AntI using X-ray crystallography, structure-based mutagenesis, and molecular simulations revealed that AntI converts a defined octaketide to the tricyclic anthraquinone ring via retro-Claisen and Dieckmann reactions. Thus, AntI catalyses a so far unobserved multistep reaction in this PKS system.

SUBMITTER: Zhou Q

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6601290 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Molecular mechanism of polyketide shortening in anthraquinone biosynthesis of Photorhabdus luminescens.

Zhou Qiuqin Q Bräuer Alois A Adihou Hélène H Schmalhofer Maximilian M Saura Patricia P Grammbitter Gina L C GLC Kaila Ville R I VRI Groll Michael M Bode Helge B HB

Chemical science 20190514 25

Anthraquinones, a widely distributed class of aromatic natural products, are produced by a type II polyketide synthase system in the Gram-negative bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens. Heterologous expression of the antABCDEFGHI anthraquinone biosynthetic gene cluster in Escherichia coli identified AntI as an unusual lyase, catalysing terminal polyketide shortening prior to formation of the third aromatic ring. Functional in vitro and in vivo analysis of AntI usi ...[more]

PMID: 31341589

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Project description:UnlabelledPhotorhabdus luminescens is a Gram-negative entomopathogenic bacterium which symbiotically associates with the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora P. luminescens is highly virulent to many insects and nonsymbiotic nematodes, including Caenorhabditis elegans To understand the virulence mechanisms of P. luminescens, we obtained virulence-deficient and -attenuated mutants against C. elegans through a transposon-mutagenized library. From the genetic screening, we identified the pdxB gene, encoding erythronate-4-phosphate dehydrogenase, as required for de novo vitamin B6 biosynthesis. Mutation in pdxB caused growth deficiency of P. luminescens in nutrient-poor medium, which was restored under nutrient-rich conditions or by supplementation with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), an active form of vitamin B6 Supplementation with three other B6 vitamers (pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine) also restored the growth of the pdxB mutant, suggesting the existence of a salvage pathway for vitamin B6 biosynthesis in P. luminescens Moreover, supplementation with PLP restored the virulence-deficient phenotype against C. elegans Combining these results with the fact that pdxB mutation also caused attenuation of insecticidal activity, we concluded that the production of appropriate amounts of vitamin B6 is critical for P. luminescens pathogenicity.ImportanceThe Gram-negative entomopathogenic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens symbiotically associates with the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora P. luminescens is highly virulent to many insects and nonsymbiotic nematodes, including Caenorhabditis elegans We have obtained several virulence-deficient and -attenuated P. luminescens mutants against C. elegans through genetic screening. From the genetic analysis, we present the vitamin B6 biosynthetic pathways in P. luminescens that are important for its insecticidal activity. Mutation in pdxB, encoding erythronate-4-phosphate dehydrogenase and required for the de novo vitamin B6 biosynthesis pathway, caused virulence deficiency against C. elegans and growth deficiency of P. luminescens in nutrient-poor medium. Because such phenotypes were restored under nutrient-rich conditions or by supplementation with B6 vitamers, we showed the presence of the two vitamin B6 synthetic pathways (de novo and salvage) in P. luminescens and also showed that the ability to produce an appropriate amount of vitamin B6 is critical for P. luminescens pathogenicity.

Project description:BackgroundThe Gram-negative bacterium Photorhabdus asymbiotica (Pa) has been recovered from human infections in both North America and Australia. Recently, Pa has been shown to have a nematode vector that can also infect insects, like its sister species the insect pathogen P. luminescens (Pl). To understand the relationship between pathogenicity to insects and humans in Photorhabdus we have sequenced the complete genome of Pa strain ATCC43949 from North America. This strain (formerly referred to as Xenorhabdus luminescens strain 2) was isolated in 1977 from the blood of an 80 year old female patient with endocarditis, in Maryland, USA. Here we compare the complete genome of Pa ATCC43949 with that of the previously sequenced insect pathogen P. luminescens strain TT01 which was isolated from its entomopathogenic nematode vector collected from soil in Trinidad and Tobago.ResultsWe found that the human pathogen Pa had a smaller genome (5,064,808 bp) than that of the insect pathogen Pl (5,688,987 bp) but that each pathogen carries approximately one megabase of DNA that is unique to each strain. The reduced size of the Pa genome is associated with a smaller diversity in insecticidal genes such as those encoding the Toxin complexes (Tc's), Makes caterpillars floppy (Mcf) toxins and the Photorhabdus Virulence Cassettes (PVCs). The Pa genome, however, also shows the addition of a plasmid related to pMT1 from Yersinia pestis and several novel pathogenicity islands including a novel Type Three Secretion System (TTSS) encoding island. Together these data suggest that Pa may show virulence against man via the acquisition of the pMT1-like plasmid and specific effectors, such as SopB, that promote its persistence inside human macrophages. Interestingly the loss of insecticidal genes in Pa is not reflected by a loss of pathogenicity towards insects.ConclusionOur results suggest that North American isolates of Pa have acquired virulence against man via the acquisition of a plasmid and specific virulence factors with similarity to those shown to play roles in pathogenicity against humans in other bacteria.

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Molecular mechanism of polyketide shortening in anthraquinone biosynthesis of Photorhabdus luminescens.

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Molecular mechanism of polyketide shortening in anthraquinone biosynthesis of <i>Photorhabdus luminescens</i>.

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