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Comparison of RN licensure examination: China and the United States.

ABSTRACT: Having the two largest nursing workforces across the globe, both China and the United States have implemented licensure examinations to standardize the qualifications of registered nurse. China established the National Nursing Licensure Examination (NNLE) in 1995. Like the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN) in the United States, the NNLE has become an important link in the nurse registration process and contributed a lot in quality assurance and development of nursing profession. It may be necessary for the NNLE to learn from NCLEX-RN in several aspects, including increasing the frequency of exam, providing examinees with individualized services, and continuing reforming exam content and format. By better aligning the content and format of the examination with the current nursing paradigm and clinical requirements, nurses may enter the healthcare field better prepared to care for patients. Considering the magnitude of their nursing workforce, both China and the United States have great potential to serve as a role model for other developing countries as they look towards establishing national nursing education programs. As new policies around standardized nurse education in China take form, we urge that the NNLE be included alongside curricular reforms. As these reforms are implemented, continued research will be needed to evaluate the effectiveness of curriculum and licensure exam regulations upon nurse preparedness and quality of nursing care in China.

SUBMITTER: Hou J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6608795 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Comparison of RN licensure examination: China and the United States.

Hou Jianlin J Chen Shengyu S Sabharwal Sabhyta S Fan Victoria V Yan Minghui M Wang Weimin W

International journal of nursing sciences 20181113 1

Having the two largest nursing workforces across the globe, both China and the United States have implemented licensure examinations to standardize the qualifications of registered nurse. China established the National Nursing Licensure Examination (NNLE) in 1995. Like the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN) in the United States, the NNLE has become an important link in the nurse registration process and contributed a lot in quality assurance and development o ...[more]

PMID: 31406876

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Project description:ObjectivesTo investigate the differences in vaccine hesitancy and preference of the currently available COVID-19 vaccines between two countries, namely, China and the United States (U.S.).MethodA cross-national survey was conducted in both China and the United States, and discrete choice experiments, as well as Likert scales, were utilized to assess vaccine preference and the underlying factors contributing to vaccination acceptance. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to enable a direct comparison between the two countries.ResultsA total of 9077 (5375 and 3702 from China and the United States, respectively) respondents completed the survey. After propensity score matching, over 82.0% of respondents from China positively accepted the COVID-19 vaccination, while 72.2% of respondents from the United States positively accepted it. Specifically, only 31.9% of Chinese respondents were recommended by a doctor to have COVID-19 vaccination, while more than half of the U.S. respondents were recommended by a doctor (50.2%), local health board (59.4%), or friends and families (64.8%). The discrete choice experiments revealed that respondents from the United States attached the greatest importance to the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines (44.41%), followed by the cost of vaccination (29.57%), whereas those from China held a different viewpoint, that the cost of vaccination covered the largest proportion in their trade-off (30.66%), and efficacy ranked as the second most important attribute (26.34%). Additionally, respondents from China tended to be much more concerned about the adverse effect of vaccination (19.68% vs. 6.12%) and have a lower perceived severity of being infected with COVID-19.ConclusionAlthough the overall acceptance and hesitancy of COVID-19 vaccination in both countries are high, underpinned distinctions between these countries were observed. Owing to the differences in COVID-19 incidence rates, cultural backgrounds, and the availability of specific COVID-19 vaccines in the two countries, vaccine rollout strategies should be nation-dependent.

Project description:IntroductionCurrently there is no expert consensus regarding what activities and programs constitute hospital community benefits. In China, the hospital community benefit movement started gaining attention after the recent health care system reform in 2009. In the United States, the Internal Revenue Service and the nonprofit hospital sector have struggled to define community benefit for many years. More recently, under the Affordable Care Act (ACA)'s new "community benefit" requirements, nonprofit hospitals further developed these benefits to qualify for 501(c)(3) tax exempt status.MethodsThe Delphi survey method was used to explore activities and/or programs that are considered to be hospital community benefits in China and the United States. Twenty Chinese and 19 American of academics, senior hospital managers and policy makers were recruited as experts and participated in two rounds of surveys. The survey questionnaire was first developed in China using the 5-point Likert scale to rate the support for certain hospital community benefits activities; it was then translated into English. The questionnaires were modified after the first round of Delphi. After two rounds of surveys, only responses with a minimum of 70 percent support rate were accepted by the research team.ResultsDelphi survey results show that experts from China and the U.S. agree on 68.75 percent of HCB activities and/ or programs, including emergency preparedness, social benefit activities, bad debt /Medicaid shortfall, disaster relief, environmental protection, health promotion and education, education and research, charity care, medical services with positive externality, provision of low profit services, and sliding scale fees.ConclusionsIn China, experts believe that healthcare is a "human right" and that the government has the main responsibility of ensuring affordable access to healthcare for its citizens. Meanwhile, healthcare is considered a commodity in the U.S., and many Americans, especially those who are vulnerable and low-income, are not able to afford and access needed healthcare services. Though the U.S. government recognized the importance of community benefit and included a section in the ACA that outlines new community benefit requirements for nonprofit hospitals, there is a need to issue specific policies regarding the amounts and types of community benefits non-profit hospitals should provide to receive tax exemption status.

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Comparison of RN licensure examination: China and the United States.

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Comparison of RN licensure examination: China and the United States.

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